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Medical Terminology > Chapter 14: Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Urinary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow

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2
Q

ureter

A

transports urine from kidneys to bladder

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3
Q

Renin

A

enzyme to raise blood pressure

activates angiotensin to constrict blood vessels

ACE inhibitors counteract

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4
Q

where are the kidneys

A

POSTERIOR to the peritoneum

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5
Q

renal cortex

A

outer portion of kidneys

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6
Q

renal medulla

A

inner region of kidneys

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7
Q

renal pyramids

A

triangular portions of renal medulla

made of nephrons (that give it a lined-appearance)

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8
Q

calyx

A

where each tubule in nephron units empty

small calices empty into larger calices which then unite to form renal pelvis

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9
Q

renal pelvis

A

top portion of the ureter, which calices empty urine into

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10
Q

nephrons

A

working units of kidneys

single tubule coiled and folded into various shapes

glomerular (Bowman) capsule, part of nephron filtering device, which folds into proximal tubule and straightens out to form nephron loop, coils into distal tubule, and straightens out to collecting duct

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11
Q

glomerulus

A

cluster of capillaries that blood travels to in kidneys

contained in glomerular capsule (WHERE URINE PRODUCTS GO!)

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12
Q

process of urine formaiton

A

blood thru vein, to glomerulus, blood thru glomerular wall, through wall of glomerular capsule into nephron

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13
Q

glomerular filtrate

A

substance that filters into the glomerulus (water, electrolytes, soluble wastes, nutrients, toxins) main waste material is urea, nitrogenous byproduct of protein metabolism

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14
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

return of water, electrolytes, and nutrients to blood

occurs through peritubular capillaries (around ascending/descending limbs of nephron)

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15
Q

what does urine content control in the body

A

blood content, pH, drug levels, etc

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16
Q

ADH

A

reabsorption of water to concentrate the filtrate

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17
Q

diuretic

A

substance that promotes increased urinary output (Lasix; blood pressure, heart failure, reduce heart workload)

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18
Q

antidiuretic

A

retention of water

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19
Q

where is the bladder located/how does it expand

A

posterior to pubic bone and below peritoneum, expands up

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20
Q

trigone

A

triangular structure of the urinary bladder

marked by ureter openings and internal sphincter

stability prevents backflow of urine into ureters

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21
Q

fullness of bladder

A

stimulates reflex of bladder contraction

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22
Q

micturition

A

release of urine, regulated by two sphincters (top is unconscious, bottom is conscious)

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23
Q

angiotension

A

substance that increases BP by renin (kidney enzyme)

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24
Q

diuresis

A

excess expulsion of urine

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25
Q

ren/o

A

kidney

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26
Q

nephr/o

A

kidney

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27
Q

glomerul/o

A

glomerulus

28
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

29
Q

cali/o, calic/o

A

calyx

30
Q

ur/o

A

urine, urinary tract

31
Q

urin/o

A

urine

32
Q

ureter/o

A

ureter

33
Q

cyst/o

A

urinary bladder

34
Q

vesic/o

A

urinary bladder

35
Q

urethr/o

A

urethra

36
Q

cystitis

A

bladder infection/inflammation

37
Q

pyelonephritis

A

infection that involves kidney and renal pelvis

(can include pyuria)

38
Q

urethritis

A

inflammation of urethra (STIs, chlamydia/gonorrhea)

39
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

immunologic reaction (usually to another system)

streptococcus, lupus, erythematosus

oliguria, hypertension, edema

damage to kidney tissue– blood and tissue escape into nephrons, causes hematuria, proteinuria

blood can form casts of tubules that is voided

can be bad to elderly (chronic renal failure, end stage renal disease, uremia)

40
Q

uremia

A

urea and other nitrogenous compounds accumulate in blood and impact CNS

41
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

glomeruli are overly permeable and allow loss of proteins (DAMAGE)

(caused by: glomerulonephritis, renal vein thrombosis, diabetes, lupus, toxins)

42
Q

chronic renal failure

A

loss of nephrons
- lose ability to function
- renal insufficiency is a gradual loss with less symptoms

43
Q

acute renal failure

A

drastic, sudden change in body damages nephrons and there is a rapid loss of nephrons

44
Q

acute tubular necrosis

A

necrosis of kidney tubules

45
Q

signs of renal failure

A

dehydration
edema
electrolyte imbalance
hypertension
anemia
uremia

46
Q

hemodialysis

A

blood cleansed by passage over a membrane surrounded by fluid that draws out unwanted substances

4 hrs three times a wk at a center, or daily at home

47
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

fluid introduced into peritoneal cavity, and is withdrawn and replaced every so often after accumulation of waste

can be continuous or during night

48
Q

urinary lithiasis

A

stones in urinary system

made of calcium salts or other stuff

49
Q

renal colic

A

high amounts of pain (usually via urinary lithiasis)

50
Q

hydronephrosis

A

collection of urine in renal pelvis by blockage by renal lithiasis

51
Q

treatment of urinary lithiasis

A

pass on own

if not on their own, they can be removed surgically in a lithotomy/endoscopy

shock waves crush stones in urinary tract (extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy)

52
Q

extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy

A

breaking up of stones outside body by shock waves

53
Q

bladder carcinoma

A

chemicals, parasites, cigarettes

sudden painless hematuria

can be often seen with a cystoscope (or biopsied)

54
Q

cystectomy

A

removal of bladder

ureters redirected to artificial bladder or to body surface via ileal conduit or to intestine

55
Q

intravenous urography/ intravenous pyelography/ retrograde pyelography

A

radiographic studies that can help to diagnose cancers in ureters/kidneys

56
Q

urinalysis

A

diagnosing urinary tract disorders

urine examined for color/turbidity/specific gravity (concentration)/pH/content

57
Q

hypokalemia

A

calcium deficiency in blood

58
Q

hyponatremia

A

deficiency of sodium in blood

59
Q

hypoproteinemia

A

not enough protein in blood

60
Q

hyperkalemia

A

too much blood calcium

61
Q

hypernatremia

A

too much blood sodium

62
Q

specific gravity

A

weight of substance compared to water volume

63
Q

turbidity

A

content of bacteria

64
Q

ileal conduit

A

urine diverted to ileum (ileal bladder)

65
Q

renal transplantation

A

kidney transplant

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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