Chapter 14: Urinary System Flashcards
erythropoietin (EPO)
hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow
ureter
transports urine from kidneys to bladder
Renin
enzyme to raise blood pressure
activates angiotensin to constrict blood vessels
ACE inhibitors counteract
where are the kidneys
POSTERIOR to the peritoneum
renal cortex
outer portion of kidneys
renal medulla
inner region of kidneys
renal pyramids
triangular portions of renal medulla
made of nephrons (that give it a lined-appearance)
calyx
where each tubule in nephron units empty
small calices empty into larger calices which then unite to form renal pelvis
renal pelvis
top portion of the ureter, which calices empty urine into
nephrons
working units of kidneys
single tubule coiled and folded into various shapes
glomerular (Bowman) capsule, part of nephron filtering device, which folds into proximal tubule and straightens out to form nephron loop, coils into distal tubule, and straightens out to collecting duct
glomerulus
cluster of capillaries that blood travels to in kidneys
contained in glomerular capsule (WHERE URINE PRODUCTS GO!)
process of urine formaiton
blood thru vein, to glomerulus, blood thru glomerular wall, through wall of glomerular capsule into nephron
glomerular filtrate
substance that filters into the glomerulus (water, electrolytes, soluble wastes, nutrients, toxins) main waste material is urea, nitrogenous byproduct of protein metabolism
tubular reabsorption
return of water, electrolytes, and nutrients to blood
occurs through peritubular capillaries (around ascending/descending limbs of nephron)
what does urine content control in the body
blood content, pH, drug levels, etc
ADH
reabsorption of water to concentrate the filtrate
diuretic
substance that promotes increased urinary output (Lasix; blood pressure, heart failure, reduce heart workload)
antidiuretic
retention of water
where is the bladder located/how does it expand
posterior to pubic bone and below peritoneum, expands up
trigone
triangular structure of the urinary bladder
marked by ureter openings and internal sphincter
stability prevents backflow of urine into ureters
fullness of bladder
stimulates reflex of bladder contraction
micturition
release of urine, regulated by two sphincters (top is unconscious, bottom is conscious)
angiotension
substance that increases BP by renin (kidney enzyme)
diuresis
excess expulsion of urine
ren/o
kidney
nephr/o
kidney
glomerul/o
glomerulus
pyel/o
renal pelvis
cali/o, calic/o
calyx
ur/o
urine, urinary tract
urin/o
urine
ureter/o
ureter
cyst/o
urinary bladder
vesic/o
urinary bladder
urethr/o
urethra
cystitis
bladder infection/inflammation
pyelonephritis
infection that involves kidney and renal pelvis
(can include pyuria)
urethritis
inflammation of urethra (STIs, chlamydia/gonorrhea)
glomerulonephritis
immunologic reaction (usually to another system)
streptococcus, lupus, erythematosus
oliguria, hypertension, edema
damage to kidney tissue– blood and tissue escape into nephrons, causes hematuria, proteinuria
blood can form casts of tubules that is voided
can be bad to elderly (chronic renal failure, end stage renal disease, uremia)
uremia
urea and other nitrogenous compounds accumulate in blood and impact CNS
nephrotic syndrome
glomeruli are overly permeable and allow loss of proteins (DAMAGE)
(caused by: glomerulonephritis, renal vein thrombosis, diabetes, lupus, toxins)
chronic renal failure
loss of nephrons
- lose ability to function
- renal insufficiency is a gradual loss with less symptoms
acute renal failure
drastic, sudden change in body damages nephrons and there is a rapid loss of nephrons
acute tubular necrosis
necrosis of kidney tubules
signs of renal failure
dehydration
edema
electrolyte imbalance
hypertension
anemia
uremia
hemodialysis
blood cleansed by passage over a membrane surrounded by fluid that draws out unwanted substances
4 hrs three times a wk at a center, or daily at home
peritoneal dialysis
fluid introduced into peritoneal cavity, and is withdrawn and replaced every so often after accumulation of waste
can be continuous or during night
urinary lithiasis
stones in urinary system
made of calcium salts or other stuff
renal colic
high amounts of pain (usually via urinary lithiasis)
hydronephrosis
collection of urine in renal pelvis by blockage by renal lithiasis
treatment of urinary lithiasis
pass on own
if not on their own, they can be removed surgically in a lithotomy/endoscopy
shock waves crush stones in urinary tract (extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy)
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
breaking up of stones outside body by shock waves
bladder carcinoma
chemicals, parasites, cigarettes
sudden painless hematuria
can be often seen with a cystoscope (or biopsied)
cystectomy
removal of bladder
ureters redirected to artificial bladder or to body surface via ileal conduit or to intestine
intravenous urography/ intravenous pyelography/ retrograde pyelography
radiographic studies that can help to diagnose cancers in ureters/kidneys
urinalysis
diagnosing urinary tract disorders
urine examined for color/turbidity/specific gravity (concentration)/pH/content
hypokalemia
calcium deficiency in blood
hyponatremia
deficiency of sodium in blood
hypoproteinemia
not enough protein in blood
hyperkalemia
too much blood calcium
hypernatremia
too much blood sodium
specific gravity
weight of substance compared to water volume
turbidity
content of bacteria
ileal conduit
urine diverted to ileum (ileal bladder)
renal transplantation
kidney transplant
Renal capsule
Where kidneys stored/anchored
Distal convoluted tubule
Where ADH acts to reabsorb water
