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Medical Terminology > Chapter 11: Blood and Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Blood and Immunity Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

plasma

A

liquid component of blood, 90% water
nutrients
electrolytes
gases
albumin
clotting factors
antibodies
wastes
enzymes
hormones

pH7.4

~55% of blood content

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2
Q

formed elements

A

~45% of blood
blood cells

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3
Q

albumin

A

protein in blood plasma

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4
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

NO NUCLEUS, die after 120 days

carry oxygen bound to hemoglobin

carries some CO2 and buffers blood

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5
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

immunity, destroys foreign matter/debris

blood, tissues, lymphatic system

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6
Q

platelets

A

thrombocytes

coagulation, hemostasis

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7
Q

where are blood cells produced

A

red bone marrow

some WBCs can multiply in lymphoid tissue

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8
Q

erythropoietin

A

Hormone made in the kidneys that regulates production of red blood cells

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9
Q

neutrophil

A

WBC

PHAGOCYTOSIS

Granulocyte

NEUTRAL = neutr/o

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10
Q

Eosinophil

A

WBC

allergic reactions

defends against parasites

Granulocyte

ACIDIC = EOSIN/O

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11
Q

Basophil

A

WBC

allergic reactions

Granulocyte

BAS/O = basic

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12
Q

lymphocyte

A

immunity

T/B cells

agranulocyte

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13
Q

Monocyte

A

phagocytosis

agranulocyte

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14
Q

CBC with differential

A

count of different types of WBCs

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15
Q

bands

A

immature neutrophils indicated in infection

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16
Q

megakaryocytes

A

create thrombocytes by breaking off pieces

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17
Q

platelet function

A

hemostasis and coagulation

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18
Q

coagulation cascade

A

when blood vessel damaged

beginning of coagulation by clotting factors

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19
Q

fibrinogen

A

when coagulation begins, the fibrinogen is converted to fibrin that traps blood cells and plasma to form clot

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20
Q

serum

A

the blood that remains after coagulation

plasma without clotting factors

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21
Q

blast/o

A

immature cell

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22
Q

-blast

A

immature cell

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23
Q

left shift

A

when CBC w/ diff has increased bands

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24
Q

agglutination

A

reaction of erythrocytes to blood typing

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25
Q

cross-matching

A

when blood is tested for reactivity pre-transfusion

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26
Q

antigen

A

any foreign particle or substance that evokes an immune response

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27
Q

T cells

A

T lymphocytes

mature in thymus

detect antigens

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

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28
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

when cells directly attack other cells

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29
Q

antigen presenting cells APCs

A

take in and process foreign antigens to activate a T cell (descendants of monocytes do this)

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30
Q

B cells

A

b lymphocytes

mature in bone marrow

mature into plasma cells and produce antibodies or immunoglobins

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31
Q

innate immunity

A

built in mechanisms to defend against invading organisms/foreign substances (NONSPECIFIC)

skin, cilia, mucus, bactericidal stuffs, reflexes, lymphoid tissue, phagocytes

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32
Q

gamma globulin

A

portion of plasma that contains antibodies

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33
Q

active natural adaptive immunity

A

occurs from contact with antigen

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34
Q

passive natural adaptive immunity

A

transfer by breastmilk/placenta

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35
Q

artificial active adaptive immunity

A

vaccine

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36
Q

artificial passive adaptive immunity

A

administration of immune serum obtained from other people/animals (IVIG)

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37
Q

humoral immunity

A

antibody based immunity (B cells)

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38
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells (attack cells directly)

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39
Q

active immunity

A

cell generation of immunity

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40
Q

passive immunity

A

receiving another organism’s immunity that you did not generate

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41
Q

agranulocytes

A

no visible granules

lymphocytes and monocytes

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42
Q

antibody

A

protein produced in response to and interacting specifically with an antigen

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43
Q

antigen

A

induces formation of antibody

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44
Q

electrolyte

A

substance that separates into charged particles in a solution; a salt

45
Q

formed elements

A

cellular components of blood

46
Q

what is gamma globulin used for clinically

A

passive transfer of immunity

47
Q

hemoglobin

A

iron-containing pigment in RBCs that transports oxygen

48
Q

hemostasis

A

stoppage of bleeding

49
Q

immunity

A

process of being protected against a disease

50
Q

lymphocyte

A

agranular immune cells

T and B (in blood/lymphoid tissue)

51
Q

plasma cell

A

mature B cell can produce antibodies

52
Q

-emia, -hemia

A

condition of blood

53
Q

-penia

A

deficiency of, decrease in

54
Q

-poiesis

A

formation, production

55
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow, spinal cord

56
Q

hem/o, hemat/o

A

blood

57
Q

erythr/o, erythrocyt/o

A

RBC

58
Q

leuk/o, leukocyt/o

A

WBC

59
Q

lymph/o, lymphocyt/o

A

lymphocyte

60
Q

thromb/o

A

blood clot

61
Q

thrombocyt/o

A

platelet, thrombocyte

62
Q

immun/o

A

immunity, immune system

63
Q

azot/o

A

nitrogenous compunds

64
Q

calc/i

A

calcium

65
Q

ferr/o, ferr/i

A

iron

66
Q

sider/o

A

iron

67
Q

kali

A

potassium

68
Q

natri

A

sodium

69
Q

ox/y

A

oxygen

70
Q

hematocrit

A

percentage of PRBCs/whole blood

71
Q

anemia

A

low hemoglobin (low number, microcytic RBCs, hypochromic - too little hemoglobin)

72
Q

aplastic anemia

A

bone marrow destruction - pancytopenia

drugs, toxins, radiation, cancer

transplantation

73
Q

nutritional anemia

A

deficiency of B12/iron

supplementation

74
Q

pernicious anemia

A

B12 deficient
lack of intrinsic factor - substance that aids in absorption of B12
B12 injections

pernicious b/c named before treatment

75
Q

sideroblastic anemia

A

iron not used to make hemoglobin

sideroblast is erythroblast with iron granules

ENOUGH IRON, nOT USED CORRECTLY

76
Q

hemorrhagic anemia

A

blood loss

77
Q

thalasseemia

A

hereditary, Mediterranean

abnormal heme production and hemolysis

(GREEK NAME)

COOLEY is beta type

78
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

mutation which alters heme production so it distorts when it gives up O2 and turns into crescent shape

deprived issues of oxygen

cells destroyed fasterr

79
Q

reticulocytes

A

immature RBCs, if more indicate RBC creation

if less indicate issue with RBC production (aplastic/nutritional anemia)

80
Q

Mean corpuscular Volume MCV

A

volume of average RBC

81
Q

Mean corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration MCHC

A

average [hemoglobin] in RBCs

82
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

low platelets (anemia, infections, cancer)

bleeding

83
Q

disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC

A

clotting in vessels obstructs circulation to tissues

can result in hemorrhage since clotting factors have been used

84
Q

hemophilia

A

deficiency of clotting factor which is hereditary

bleeding

85
Q

how is a CBC charted

A

left WBC, top Hgb, bottom Hct, right PLT

86
Q

leukocytosis

A

high WBC

87
Q

leukopenia

A

low WBC

88
Q

thrombocytosis

A

high platelets

89
Q

polycythemia

A

high H&H

90
Q

erythrocytosis

A

high H&H

91
Q

myelogenous leukemia

A

originates in bone marrow

92
Q

lymphocytic leukemia

A

originates in lymph cells

93
Q

acute myeloblastic leukemia - AML

A

common in kids and adults

poor prognosis

94
Q

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A

with treatment remission is good

95
Q

chronic myelogenous leukemia

A

chronic, in marrow

96
Q

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

A

appears in elderly, slow growing

97
Q

leukemia treatment

A

stem cells, umbilical cells

98
Q

Hodgkin lymphoma

A

cancer of B cells

Reed-Sternberg cells

99
Q

non-hodgekin lymphoma

A

malignant enlargement of lymph nodes with no reed-sternberg cells

may be related to infection with certain viruses

bone marrow transpl

chemo

100
Q

multiple myeloma

A

cancer of bone marrow cells that form blood

plasma cells

anemia, bone pain, bone weakening

101
Q

hypersensitivity

A

harmful reaction of immune system

102
Q

allergy

A

sensitive to antigen more than average

103
Q

anaphylactic reaction

A

allergic response with shock that may result in death

epinephrine

104
Q

delayed hypersensitivity reatcion

A

involves T cells and takes 12 hours to develop

poison ivy

105
Q

immunodeficiency

A

failure of immune sustem

AIDS

106
Q

autoimmune diseases

A

reaction to own cells that have changed or have been altered by mutation/disease

lupis, etc

107
Q

eccymosis

A

collection of blood under skin by vessel leak

108
Q

hemolysis

A

rupture of RBC, hemoglobin released

109
Q

leukemia symptoms

A

splenomegaly, heptomegaly, anemia, fatigue, easy bleeding

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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