Chapter 11: Blood and Immunity Flashcards
plasma
liquid component of blood, 90% water
nutrients
electrolytes
gases
albumin
clotting factors
antibodies
wastes
enzymes
hormones
pH7.4
~55% of blood content
formed elements
~45% of blood
blood cells
albumin
protein in blood plasma
erythrocytes
red blood cells
NO NUCLEUS, die after 120 days
carry oxygen bound to hemoglobin
carries some CO2 and buffers blood
leukocytes
white blood cells
immunity, destroys foreign matter/debris
blood, tissues, lymphatic system
platelets
thrombocytes
coagulation, hemostasis
where are blood cells produced
red bone marrow
some WBCs can multiply in lymphoid tissue
erythropoietin
Hormone made in the kidneys that regulates production of red blood cells
neutrophil
WBC
PHAGOCYTOSIS
Granulocyte
NEUTRAL = neutr/o
Eosinophil
WBC
allergic reactions
defends against parasites
Granulocyte
ACIDIC = EOSIN/O
Basophil
WBC
allergic reactions
Granulocyte
BAS/O = basic
lymphocyte
immunity
T/B cells
agranulocyte
Monocyte
phagocytosis
agranulocyte
CBC with differential
count of different types of WBCs
bands
immature neutrophils indicated in infection
megakaryocytes
create thrombocytes by breaking off pieces
platelet function
hemostasis and coagulation
coagulation cascade
when blood vessel damaged
beginning of coagulation by clotting factors
fibrinogen
when coagulation begins, the fibrinogen is converted to fibrin that traps blood cells and plasma to form clot
serum
the blood that remains after coagulation
plasma without clotting factors
blast/o
immature cell
-blast
immature cell
left shift
when CBC w/ diff has increased bands
agglutination
reaction of erythrocytes to blood typing
cross-matching
when blood is tested for reactivity pre-transfusion
antigen
any foreign particle or substance that evokes an immune response
T cells
T lymphocytes
mature in thymus
detect antigens
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
cell-mediated immunity
when cells directly attack other cells
antigen presenting cells APCs
take in and process foreign antigens to activate a T cell (descendants of monocytes do this)
B cells
b lymphocytes
mature in bone marrow
mature into plasma cells and produce antibodies or immunoglobins
innate immunity
built in mechanisms to defend against invading organisms/foreign substances (NONSPECIFIC)
skin, cilia, mucus, bactericidal stuffs, reflexes, lymphoid tissue, phagocytes
gamma globulin
portion of plasma that contains antibodies
active natural adaptive immunity
occurs from contact with antigen
passive natural adaptive immunity
transfer by breastmilk/placenta
artificial active adaptive immunity
vaccine
artificial passive adaptive immunity
administration of immune serum obtained from other people/animals (IVIG)
humoral immunity
antibody based immunity (B cells)
cell-mediated immunity
T cells (attack cells directly)
active immunity
cell generation of immunity
passive immunity
receiving another organism’s immunity that you did not generate
agranulocytes
no visible granules
lymphocytes and monocytes
antibody
protein produced in response to and interacting specifically with an antigen
antigen
induces formation of antibody
electrolyte
substance that separates into charged particles in a solution; a salt
formed elements
cellular components of blood
what is gamma globulin used for clinically
passive transfer of immunity
hemoglobin
iron-containing pigment in RBCs that transports oxygen
hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding
immunity
process of being protected against a disease
lymphocyte
agranular immune cells
T and B (in blood/lymphoid tissue)
plasma cell
mature B cell can produce antibodies
-emia, -hemia
condition of blood
-penia
deficiency of, decrease in
-poiesis
formation, production
myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
hem/o, hemat/o
blood
erythr/o, erythrocyt/o
RBC
leuk/o, leukocyt/o
WBC
lymph/o, lymphocyt/o
lymphocyte
thromb/o
blood clot
thrombocyt/o
platelet, thrombocyte
immun/o
immunity, immune system
azot/o
nitrogenous compunds
calc/i
calcium
ferr/o, ferr/i
iron
sider/o
iron
kali
potassium
natri
sodium
ox/y
oxygen
hematocrit
percentage of PRBCs/whole blood
anemia
low hemoglobin (low number, microcytic RBCs, hypochromic - too little hemoglobin)
aplastic anemia
bone marrow destruction - pancytopenia
drugs, toxins, radiation, cancer
transplantation
nutritional anemia
deficiency of B12/iron
supplementation
pernicious anemia
B12 deficient
lack of intrinsic factor - substance that aids in absorption of B12
B12 injections
pernicious b/c named before treatment
sideroblastic anemia
iron not used to make hemoglobin
sideroblast is erythroblast with iron granules
ENOUGH IRON, nOT USED CORRECTLY
hemorrhagic anemia
blood loss
thalasseemia
hereditary, Mediterranean
abnormal heme production and hemolysis
(GREEK NAME)
COOLEY is beta type
sickle cell anemia
mutation which alters heme production so it distorts when it gives up O2 and turns into crescent shape
deprived issues of oxygen
cells destroyed fasterr
reticulocytes
immature RBCs, if more indicate RBC creation
if less indicate issue with RBC production (aplastic/nutritional anemia)
Mean corpuscular Volume MCV
volume of average RBC
Mean corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration MCHC
average [hemoglobin] in RBCs
thrombocytopenia
low platelets (anemia, infections, cancer)
bleeding
disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC
clotting in vessels obstructs circulation to tissues
can result in hemorrhage since clotting factors have been used
hemophilia
deficiency of clotting factor which is hereditary
bleeding
how is a CBC charted
left WBC, top Hgb, bottom Hct, right PLT
leukocytosis
high WBC
leukopenia
low WBC
thrombocytosis
high platelets
polycythemia
high H&H
erythrocytosis
high H&H
myelogenous leukemia
originates in bone marrow
lymphocytic leukemia
originates in lymph cells
acute myeloblastic leukemia - AML
common in kids and adults
poor prognosis
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
with treatment remission is good
chronic myelogenous leukemia
chronic, in marrow
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
appears in elderly, slow growing
leukemia treatment
stem cells, umbilical cells
Hodgkin lymphoma
cancer of B cells
Reed-Sternberg cells
non-hodgekin lymphoma
malignant enlargement of lymph nodes with no reed-sternberg cells
may be related to infection with certain viruses
bone marrow transpl
chemo
multiple myeloma
cancer of bone marrow cells that form blood
plasma cells
anemia, bone pain, bone weakening
hypersensitivity
harmful reaction of immune system
allergy
sensitive to antigen more than average
anaphylactic reaction
allergic response with shock that may result in death
epinephrine
delayed hypersensitivity reatcion
involves T cells and takes 12 hours to develop
poison ivy
immunodeficiency
failure of immune sustem
AIDS
autoimmune diseases
reaction to own cells that have changed or have been altered by mutation/disease
lupis, etc
eccymosis
collection of blood under skin by vessel leak
hemolysis
rupture of RBC, hemoglobin released
leukemia symptoms
splenomegaly, heptomegaly, anemia, fatigue, easy bleeding
