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Medical Terminology > Chapter 7 Nervous System and Mental Health > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Nervous System and Mental Health Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Two parts of the nervous system

A

central and peripheral

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2
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system

all nervous tissue outside brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Two divisions of the nervous system

A

somatic and sutonomic

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5
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls skeletal muscles

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6
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

also called visceral nervous system

controls smooth and cardiac muscles and GLANDS

responds to stress, maintains homeostasis

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7
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells that conduct

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8
Q

neuroglia

A

support and protect nervous tissue

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9
Q

dendrite

A

carries impulses TO cell bodyax

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10
Q

axon

A

carries impulses AWAY from cell body

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11
Q

myelin

A

white fatty material that protects axons and speeds signals

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12
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons

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13
Q

gray matter

A

unmyelinated nervous tissue

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14
Q

nodes

A

spaces between myelin sheaths

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15
Q

afferent neuron

A

also called sensory
transmits impulses TOWARD CNS

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16
Q

efferent neuron

A

also called motor neuron

impulses transmitted AWAY from CNS

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17
Q

Interneuron

A

connecting cell in CNS

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18
Q

synapse

A

contact point between two neurons

communicate by:
- neurotransmitter
- electric current

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19
Q

nerve

A

neuron fiber bundle of PNS

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20
Q

ganglion

A

collection of cell bodies along the pathway of the nerve

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21
Q

do nerves contain only afferent or efferent nerves?

A

DEPENDS!! some are specifically motor or sensory nerves but most are mixed

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22
Q

major parts of brain

A

cerebrum
diencephalon
brainstem
cerebellum

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23
Q

largest part of brain

A

cerebrum

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24
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of brain
made of white matter with thin outer layer of gray called cerebral cortex

  • memory
  • reasoning
  • abstract thought
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25
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer edge of cerebrum

made of gray matter

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26
Q

sulci

A

grooves

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27
Q

gyri

A

raised parts

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28
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

divides brain into two parts

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29
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland

receives sensory info and directs to proper area of cortex

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30
Q

hypothalamus

A

contains pituitary gland

links endocrine and nervous systems

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31
Q

brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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32
Q

midbrain

A

reflex centers for vision and hearing

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33
Q

pons

A

bulge on anterior surface of brainstem

connects brain’s different regions

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34
Q

medulla oblongata

A

connects brain to spinal cord; all signals pass through here
HR, Respiration, blood pressure

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35
Q

cerebellum

A

voluntary movements, posture, coordination, balance

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36
Q

how many ventricles are there

A

four

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37
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid

cushions brain and spinal cord

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38
Q

meninges

A

protective layers around CNS

dura
arachnoid
pia (inner)

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39
Q

how many cranial nerves are there

A

12

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40
Q

CN I

A

olfactory (smell)

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41
Q

CN II

A

optic (eye)

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42
Q

CN III

A

oculomotor (eye muscles/pupil)

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43
Q

CN IV

A

trochlear

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44
Q

CN V

A

trigeminal (eye upper jaw and lower jaw to brain; chewing control)

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45
Q

CN VI

A

abducens (eyeball movement)

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46
Q

CN VII

A

facial (facial expression, taste, tear/saliva)

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47
Q

CN VIII

A

vestibulocochlear (hearing and equilibrium)

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48
Q

CN IX

A

glossopharyngeal (tongue and pharynx, swallowing)

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49
Q

CN X

A

vagus (thoracic and abdominal nerves, motor neurons to larynx and pharynx)

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50
Q

CN XI

A

Accessory (neck and larynx)

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51
Q

CN XII

A

hypoglossal (muscles of tongue

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52
Q

how many spinal nerves

A

31

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53
Q

cervical nerves

A

8

54
Q

thoracic nerves

A

12

55
Q

lumbar nerves

A

5

56
Q

sacral nerves

A

5

57
Q

COCCYGEAL NERVES

A

1

58
Q

how do spinal nerves connect to the cord

A

ROOTS (TWO!!)
dorsal = TO CNS/sensory
ventral = FROM CNS/motor

59
Q

reflex

A

simple response that only travels to spinal cord

60
Q

autonomic nervous system is made of

A

sympathetic NS
parasympathetic NS
(both control most organs)

61
Q

sympathetic NS

A

part of autonomic
fight or flight response (HR, RR, Adrenal gland, ^ blood flow)

62
Q

parasympathetic NS

A

returns body to relaxed state

63
Q

neur/o, /i

A

nervous system, nervous tissue, nerve

64
Q

gli/o

A

neuroglia

65
Q

anagli/o, ganglion/o

A

ganglion

66
Q

mening/o, meninge/o

A

meninges

67
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord/bone marrow

68
Q

radicu/o

A

spinal nerve root

69
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

70
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

71
Q

cortic/o

A

cerebral cortex, outer portion

72
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

73
Q

thalam/o

A

thalamus

74
Q

ventricul/o

A

cavity/ventricle

75
Q

medull/o

A

medulla oblongata

76
Q

psych/o

A

mind

77
Q

narc/o

A

stupor, unconscious

78
Q

somn/o, /i

A

sleep

79
Q

-phasia

A

speech

80
Q

-lalia

A

speech/babble

81
Q

-lexia

A

reading

82
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

83
Q

-paresis

A

partial paralysis, weakness

84
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

85
Q

-phobia

A

persistent irrational fear

86
Q

-mania

A

excited state, obsession

87
Q

CVA

A

cerebrovascular accident

STROKE

incident that deprives brain of oxygen (blockage, rupture, etc)

88
Q

thrombosis

A

blood clot in vessel (where it is formed)

89
Q

embolism

A

the travelling of a thrombosis or blockage

90
Q

cerebral angiography

A

diagnose obstructions by emboli

91
Q

carotid endarterectomy

A

open carotid artery leading to brain

92
Q

thrombolytic drog

A

drugs to dissolve clot

93
Q

aneurysm

A

localized dilation of vessel that may rupture and hemorrhage (atherosclerosis may weaken vessel, congenital, hypertension)

94
Q

aphasia

A

loss/impairment of speach

  • common after cerebral hemorrhage
95
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis on one side of body

  • after cerebral hemorrhage
96
Q

cerebral contusion

A

bruise of brain surface (blood escape from small local vessels)

97
Q

MTBI

A

mild traumatic brain injury

CONCUSSION

transient impairment of brain function b/c of nmovement to brain

98
Q

contrecoup injury

A

brain trauma from concussion happens on opposite side of blow

99
Q

postconcussion syndrome

A

symptoms persist or develop a month or more after injury

100
Q

epidural hematoma

A

bleeding within meninges
- pressure on blood vessels
- stops blood flow to brain
(headache, vomit, confusion, aphasia, syncopy, dilated pupils, seizures, coma)

blow to side of head

101
Q

subdural hematoma

A

blow to back or front of head

wall tear of dural sinuses
- pressure on brain

102
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges

can be diagnosed with lumbar puncture

103
Q

confusion

A

reduced mental function (injury/drugs/surgery/orgaan failure)

104
Q

coma

A

state of unconsciousness with no arousal

105
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of brain

106
Q

shingles

A

reactivated chicken pox; blistering along peripheral nerves

107
Q

hydrocephalus

A

enlargement of vesicles by accumulation of CSF

108
Q

gliomas

A

tumors of neuroglia

109
Q

astrocytoma

A

tumor of astrocytes

110
Q

neurilemmoma

A

schwannoma, myelin tumor

111
Q

neural neoplasms

A

do not metastasize, but can compress nervous tissue (SEIZURES, HYDROCEPHALUS)

112
Q

meningioma

A

tumor of meninges, often easy to remove

113
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

demyelination of CNS axons -> neuronal death (vision, tingling/numbness/urinary incontinence/tremor/stiff gait)

114
Q

parkinsonism

A

neurons in midbrain fail to produce dopamine (tremors, rigidity, akinesia, emotional issues)

115
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

atrophy of cortex and degeneration of neurons

116
Q

types of seizures

A

absence (petit mal) tonic clonic (grand mal)

117
Q

dyssomnia

A

dysregulated sleep

118
Q

insomnia

A

inability to sleep

119
Q

narcolepsy

A

uncontrollable attacks of sleep during the day

120
Q

acetylcholine

A

excitatory neurotransmitter

121
Q

posterior nerves

A

SENSORY

122
Q

anterior nerves

A

MOTOR

123
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

lack of oxygen to brain

124
Q

risk for ischemic stroke

A

hypertension
atherosclerosis
heart diseases
diabetes
cigarettes
hereditary

125
Q

thrombosis

A

where clot is formed (blood clot in vessel)

126
Q

embolus

A

material that causes obstruction

127
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot

128
Q

embolism

A

obstruction of vessel by blockage

129
Q

contrecoup injury

A

injury to opposite area of brain that was hit

130
Q

subarachnoid hematoma

A

bleeding under arachnoid membrane

Medical Terminology (12 decks)

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