Elizabeth's Troubles at Home and Abroad Flashcards
What was the religious problem when Liz took the throne?
Reformation meant Henry VIII turned the country Protestant, which was enforced by her brother Edward VII but changed by her sister Mary back to Catholicism. Lots of turmoil and religious differences
What are the main differences between Protestantism and Catholicism?
Protestantism:
- no pope
- plain church
- bible and church services in english
Catholicism:
- Pope head of church
- decorated Church
- Bible and church services in Latin
What was Liz’s religious settlement?
Compromise:
- allowed priest to marry
- declared herself ‘govenor’ rather than Head of Church
- Church maintained an episcopal structure
- ornaments such as crosses and candles could be placed at communion tables
What was the Act of Supremacy?
1559: Liz officially head of the Church
What was the Act of Uniformity?
1559: Everyone to use the same prayer book and worship in the same way
Describe some of the 39 articles
- Protestant Church created
- Book of Common Prayer
- Clergy allowed to marry
- Priests had to wear traditional Catholic vestements
Describe the Catholic reaction to the 39 articles
- willing to accept Liz as head
- school for training English missionaries created in Netherlands. A year later, Catholics stirred up a rebellion in the north
- Pope exocommunicated with the Papal bull
Describe the Protestant reaction to the 39 articles
Existence of bishops and vestements pissed of Puritans
When was the Papal bull sent?
1570
What was Liz’s response to the Papal bull?
Treason Act: denying Liz supremacy and bringing the Papal Bull into the country was punishable by death + anyone who left the country for more than six months would have their land confiscated
When and why were the Puritan Printing presses destroyed?
1572: criticising the structure and beliefs of the Church
Who were the Jesuits?
Religious group dedicated to serving the Pope - wanted to gain influence by turning rich against the Queen
What was Liz’s response to the Jesuits?
Acts against Jesuits and Seminary Priests: banned being a Priest - all Priests ordered to leave within 40 days. 1585
Who were the pursuivants?
Officials who raided the ‘safe houses’ hiding Catholic Priests. Searches could last up to a week and ripped apart houses
Name a famous Jesuit
Edmund Campton
What was the statue of confinment?
Catholics can’t travel more than 5 miles from their house without permission
When was the Statue of Confinement enforced?
1593
How did Liz deal with Puritans?
1583: new Archbishop of Canterbury cracked down on Puritanism. Banned unlicensed preaching
Who was Mary, Queen of Scots?
Liz’s cousin and competitor for the throne, Catholic, Pro-French
When did the northern rebellion occur?
1569
When did the Ridolfi plot occur?
1571
When did the Throckmorton plot occur?
1583
When did the Babington plot occur?
1586
What happened during the northern rebellion?
Earl of Norfolk planned to marry Mary and make her Liz’s heir. 4600 men marched down to London
What happened during the Ridolfi plot?
Italian banked Ridolfi planned to kill Liz and make Mary queen. Mary could then marry the Duke of Norfolk
What happened during the Throckmorton plot?
Throckmorton arranged for a French army to invade (paid for by the Pope and Phillip II), kill Liz and replace her with MQS
What happened during the Babington plot?
Babington planned to rescue MQS from jail + kill Liz. Secret letters discovered between them which finally proved Mary’s guilt
What were the consequences of the northern rebellion?
Failed rebellion, Norfolk imprisoned for 9 months and then released
What were the consequences of the Ridolfi plot?
Norfolk beheaded in 1572, but MQS survived
What were the consequences of the Throckmorton plot?
Throckmorton executed in 1584, MQS held in isolation
What were the consequences of the Babington plot?
Finally led to the execution of MQS and other plotters
What was Liz’s reaction to the execution of MQS?
- Was angry with Cecil (her privy council) for 6 months + secretary was imprisoned
- she committed regicide + gave Catholics a martyr for their cause, but surprisingly saw no Catholics rebel
What were foreign relation’s reactions to the execution of MQS?
- pissed off Phillip II of Spain, French king, and Scot king
- E deflected anger and blamed it on her secretary
Explain the religious causes of conflict with Spain
Liz rejected Phillip’s marriage proposal, so he saw her as a heretic and hated her religious settlement
Explain the causes of conflict with Spain due to the rebellion in the Netherlands
Spain ruled the Netherlands, which was Protestant. They had Protestant uprisings and anticatholic riots, which were supported and funded by Liz
Explain the causes of conflict with Spain: privateers, plots and executions
- SP treasure attacked by Privateers- Francis Drake
- Phillip plotting against Liz with Mary
- E’s persecution of Catholics
Describe Phillip’s plan with the Spanish armada
- prepared a fleet of 130 warships armed with 2500 guns
- Plan: Armada sails up the English channel in order to meet Spanish army in the Netherlands then sail to England. March to London to attack
Describe the Spanish armada
7000 sailors, 34,000 soldiers, 180 priests.
Commander: Medina Sidonia (had no sailing experience)
Prepared for land attack, not sea attack
Describe the Armada’s attack
- 6th August: Armada anchored off Dutch coast as planned, but Duke of Parma wasn’t there- he sent troops inwards towards the canals
- 7th August: Drake sent 8 fireships into Spanish fleet - SP cut their anchor ropes to flee to get away, which broke the crescent formation
- 8th August: Battle of Gravelines began
- English fired from loom - lots of damage, 5 Spanish ships sank, 1000 soldiers killed
- Spanish ships tried to get back to Spain but English chased them up north
Explain how weather plays into why the Armada failed
Storms blew ships off course and wrecked ships
Explain how the English ship design plays into why the Armada failed
Hawkins helped develop ships for English navy - lighter, faster and more manouverable that Spanish ships + added long range guns
Explain how tactics plays into why the Armada failed
- Fireships: 8 old English ships were coated in oil and tar and set on fire and sent twards the Sp
- caused panic and crescent formation to break
- English leaders were Lord Howard and Drake - both naval experts as compared to Medina Sidonia
State the aftermath of Spanish armada
- victory celebrated in England - propoganda tool
- role of wind was seem as God’s approval of Protestantism
- war placed huge strains on the English economy, causing inflation and poverty
- England established itself as a naval power
