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module 4 > Electrolytes Keys > Flashcards

Electrolytes Keys Flashcards

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1
Q

What two diseases can screw up electrolytes

A

Addison disease and Cushing

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2
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia

A

CARED
Cellular movement (burns chemo agents, release k+)
Adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)
Renal failure (#1 cause can’t filter out)
Excessive k+ intake (too many bananas)
Drugs (NSAIDS, beta blockers, ace inhibitors)

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3
Q

S/s of hyperkalemia

A

MURDER
Muscle weakness
Urine production lil2nun
Respiratory failure
Decrease cardiac contraction Ty
Early signs of muscle twitching/cramps
Rhythm changes

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4
Q

S/s of hypokalemia

A

Slow and low

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5
Q

CA glucanite

A

Given during emergency treatment for hyperkalemia
Does not decrease potassium
It is given to protect the heart to allow other therapies to do their thing
Given IV and over 3 minutes
If given we need to stop calcium if bradycardia starts developing

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6
Q

Hypertonic glucose and insulin

Emergency treatment for hyper kalemia

A

Insulin makes easy k+ movement into cells
Glucose helps prevent hypoglycemia
Rise and fall of BS does not allow pt to feel good so teach pt fall precautions and warn

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7
Q

Insulin

A

Is thick in the IV so we want to make sure its patent andd you have a good IV 20-18 gauge

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8
Q

Albuterol

A

Can be given with insulin and glucose and it helps shift potassium into cells
Teach that side effects is tachycardia and shakes

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9
Q

Magnesium

A

Absorbed in the GI tract
Excreted in the kidneys

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10
Q

Renal disease

A

Early stages cause hypokalemia but renal failure is #1 cause of hyperkalemia

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11
Q

Foods rich in potassium

A

Bananas
Watermelon
White beans
Sweet potatoes
Avocados
Spinach

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12
Q

Foods rich in magnesium

A

Dark chocolate
avocados
Milk nuts
Bananas
Peas
Peanut butter
Oranges

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13
Q

Nursing intervention for magnesium

A

SIM
Safety w swallowing
(Small bites sitting up awake tilt chine down and swallow)
IV mg + sulfate (give slowly)
Monitor respiratory status and reflexes

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14
Q

When giving potassium why is it better to do it in a central line rather a peripheal?

A

Faster, hurts less, less dangerous

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15
Q

S/s of hypomagnesemia

A

BIG ONE Tight airway- strider, laryngospasm, difficulty swallowing
Neuromuscular- hyper FLEXIO- clonus, muscle twitching
GI - N,v,d
Neurological- increased brain activity - irritability, insomnia, confusion, seizure
Heart- increased bp, increased hr

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16
Q

Causes of hypomagnesemia

A

Mg absorbed in the intestines

Renal loss

Malabsorption

Antibiotics

Chronic alcoholism (most common)

GI loss n,v,d

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17
Q

Causes of hypomagnesemia

A

Mg absorbed in the intestine
Renal loss
Malabsorption (crohns,celiac disease
Antibiotics
Chronic alcoholism (most common)

GI loss (n,v,d)

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18
Q

Three functions of calcium

A

Bone
Blood
Beats
(Necessary for clotting blood
Combines with phosphorous to form mineral salts in bone and teeth

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19
Q

Which ages has more calcium in their bones than elderly?

A

Children

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20
Q

Calcium and albumin low

A

Usually doctor will ignore calcium and replace albumin
Phosphorous is high when calcium is low so if albumin is low it gets ignored as well and albumin is treated??***

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21
Q

Which calcium regulator pulls calcium and phosphorus from the bones and into the plasma?

A

Parathyroid gland releases PTH

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22
Q

Which calcium regulator acts as an antagonist of PTH

A

Calcitonin
When ca is too high it keeps ca in the bone and prevents reabsorption.

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23
Q

Why do celiac and crohn disease cause low calcium

A

Malabsorption

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24
Q

What happens when someone takes corticosteroids for a long period of time?

A

Decreases the body ability to absorb Ca and increase how fast bone is broken down
Causes hypocalcemia
Hypernatremia
And hypokalemia

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25
Q

Why does acute pancreatitis cause hypocalcemia

A

Effects PTH secretion

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26
Q

S/s of hypocalcemia often effect

A

Nerve transmission muscle and heart function

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27
Q

S/s of hypocalcemia

A

CRAMPS
Confusion
Reflexes hyperactive
Arrythmias
Muscle spasms
Positive trousseau’s
Signs of chvosteks

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28
Q

S/s hypocalcemia CATS

A

Convulsion
Arrhythmias
Tetany
Spasm and Stridor

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29
Q

What are the first signs of hypocalcemia when it comes to muscle spasms

A

Tingling around mouth and finger tips

30
Q

Infiltration of calcium can cause

A

Sloughing and necrosis so we need to Monitor

31
Q

Acute symptomatic of hypocalcemia

A

Is a medical emergency and require admin of IV calcium

32
Q

When a pt is present in early sings of hypocalcemia such as tingling around the mouth and the fingers what medical treatment can help?

A

Anti acids (tums)
Milk
Can be Normal for pt post op after

33
Q

What type of arrhythmias can cause hypocalcemia

A

Tornadoes de pointes

34
Q

Hypercalcemia s/s WEAK

A

Weakness of muscles
EKG changes
Absent reflexes absent minded (disoriented) ….abdominal distinction from constipation
Kidney stone formation

35
Q

What two electrolytes do we need to worry about digoxin

A

Hypercalcemia and potassium

36
Q

What does lithium cause

A

Hypercalcemia and

37
Q

What can hypercalcemia cause with arrhythmias

A

Cardiac arrest

38
Q

Symptoms of digoxin toxcity

A

Confused irregular pulse and vision changes loss of apetite n,v,d

39
Q

Where is calcium absorbed

A

Small intestine

40
Q

What is a loop diuretic

A

LASIX /furosemide

41
Q

Steroids

A

Inhibit intestinal reabsorption of calcium

42
Q

Calcitonin is good for

A

Those patients who can’t tolerate large sodium loads such as renal and heart failure

And admin IM

43
Q

Why do we give phosphorus with vitamin d?

A

Reabsorption

44
Q

When replacing phosphorus IV/PO

A

GIVE SLOW
Fracture precautions

45
Q

What is the opposite of calcium

A

Phosphate

46
Q

What has an interrelationship with sodium

A

Water

47
Q

Causes of hyponatremia

A

NONA
Na excretion increase
Overload of fluid
Na intake low
Antidiuretic hormone over secretion

48
Q

S/s of hyponatremia

A

Salt loss
Seizure and stupor
Abdominal cramping, attitude ..changes (confusion)
Lethargic
Tendon reflexes diminished, confusion
Loss of urine&apetite
Orthostatic BP&overactive bowel sounds
Shallow respirations
spasms of muscles

49
Q

What electrolyte does chloride follow?

A

Sodium

50
Q

What happens when you increase sodium too fast in someone who is Hyponatremic

A

You can cause some permanent neurological damage

51
Q

Rule of thumb for sodium in a 24 hour period

A

Not more than 12 meq/L

52
Q

Hypernatremia causes

A

High salt
Hyper cortisol is(cushingssyndromehyperventilation)
Increased intake of sodium (oral or IV route
GI feeding tube w/o adequate watersupplements
Hypertonic solutions
Sodium excretion decreased and corticosteriods
Aldosteronism (hyper)
Loss of fluids (infection, sweating, diarrhea, di
Thirst impairment

53
Q

Hypernatremia s/s

A

No fried foods for you
Fever
Restless, agitated
Increased fluid retention
Edema, extremely confused
Decreased urine output dry mouth/skin

54
Q

Osmolarity normal value

A

280-300

55
Q

When a pt is hyponatremic and neurological symptoms are present

A

Give small amounts of hypertonic solution at a time

56
Q

How long to increase sodium in a pt who is experiencing neurological symptoms

A

Until neurological issues start to diminish

57
Q

If you have a pt that comes in and you ask if they are on lithium

A

They are automatically are at risk for hyponatremia

58
Q

Colloids

A

Albumin(osmotically =to plasma)
Dextran -plasma volume expander
Hetastach-synthetic volume expander
Mannitol -alcohol sugar

59
Q

Colloid purpose

A

Large molecules that do not dissolve and can not pass through a membrane
Used clinically for volume expansion
Pull fluid into the blood

60
Q

Desmopressin (DDAVP)

A

Given for hypernatremia
Given to patients with DI

61
Q

Hypokalemia causes

A

“Ditch”
Drugs ( laxatives, diuretics or corticosteroids)
Inadequate intake k+
Too much water intake (dilutes k)
Cushing syndromes (increase na )
Heavy fluid loss (NG sunction, committing, diarrhea, wound drainage)

62
Q

7 ls of hypokalemia

A

Lethargic

Low shallow resp
Lethal cardiac
Loss of urine
Leg cramps
Limp muscles
Low BP and hr

63
Q

Always give potassium how?

A

Oral supplement with food below 2.5 give k+ as an infusion

64
Q

If ur pt is on potassium sparring diuretics potassium supplements and salt substitutes should not be given to pt with

A

Renal issues

65
Q

Sodium bicarbonate (emergency med treatment)

A

K shifts into cells

66
Q

If your pt is on potassium sparring diuretics potassium supplements and salt substitutes should not be given to pt

A

With renal issues

67
Q

Magnesium has a interrelationship with

A

Potassium

68
Q

When your low in potassium

A

Youre giving magnesium as well
In cardiac world potassium above 4 and magnesium above 2

69
Q

Nursing interventions for hyper magnesium

A

Him
Hemodialysis
Iv calcium gluconate
Monitor labs

70
Q

Low magnesium resembles

A

Low calcium as well

71
Q

Causes of hypermagnesemia

A

Antacids
Renal failure
Potassium excess

72
Q

S/s of hypermagnesemia

A

Heart calm and quiet
Lung -low and shallow resp
GI- hypoactive bowel sounds
Neuro-drowsiness lethargy
Ms-weakness

module 4 (47 decks)

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