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Pharmacology > Drugs of Abuse > Flashcards

Drugs of Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

what do all addictive drugs activate

A

the mesolimbic dopamine system

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2
Q

what are the drugs of abuse that are CNS depressants

A

Ethanol
Benzodiazepines
Barbiturates

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3
Q

mechanism of action of ethanol

A

influences several cellular functions –> GABA-A receptors, Kir3/GIRK channels, adenosine reuptake, glycine receptors, NMDA receptors, 5-HT3 receptors

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4
Q

preferred drug of choice for treating alcohol withdrawal syndrome

A

Benzodiazepines

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5
Q

Benzos used for withdrawal syndrome in elderly and those with liver disease and why

A

Lorazepam and Oxazepam because they do not undergo phase I metabolism with CYP3A4 so no liver involvement

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6
Q

FDA approved treatment for alcoholism

A

Naltrexone
Acamprosate
Disulfiram

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7
Q

how does disulfiram work in treatment of alcoholism

A
  • inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase causing an aversion to drinking
  • if ethanol consumed while taking disulfiram, acetaldehyde accumulation –> nausea, headache, flushing, hypotension
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8
Q

how does naltrexone work in treatment of alcoholism

A

-opioid receptor antagonist that reduces craving for alcohol

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9
Q

how does acamprosate work in treatment of alcoholism

A

NMDA receptor antagonist

long term use of alcohol –> hyperactive glutamate system that persist after alcohol consumption ceases –> drug prevents relapse to alcohol drinking

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10
Q

antiepileptic that can be used to treat alcoholism but not FDA approved and its mechanism

A

Topiramate –> decreases mesolimbic dopamine release after alcohol and decreases craving

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11
Q

what are benzos commonly used to treat

A

insomnia and anxiety disorders

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12
Q

describe benzos and barbiturates in term of physical dependence and addiction

A

both can lead to physical dependence but vary rarely addiction

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13
Q

what are the psychostimulants

A

Cocaine
Amphetamine
Methylxanthines

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14
Q

what are examples of methylxanthines

A

Caffeine
Theophylline
Theobromine

found in coffee, tea, chocolate, soda

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15
Q

mechanism of action of methylxanthines

A

block adenosine receptors –> removing the inhibition of NE release –> act as stimulant

also adenosine promotes sleep and drowsiness so blocking it leads to insomnia and alertness

stimulate secretion of HCl –> so not to be used if one has peptic ulcers

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16
Q

uses of methylxanthines

A

Theophylline is used in chronic asthma

Caffeine and ergotamine for migraine

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17
Q

what is the lethal dose of caffeine and what does it lead to

A

10g of caffeine which is about 100 cups –> arrhythmias

18
Q

mechanism of cocaine

A

inhibits reuptake of dopamine, NE, and serotonin

19
Q

how do you identify a user of cocaine

A

presence of benzoylecgonine in urine

20
Q

mechanism of amphetamine (derivates are methamphetamine and methylphenidate)

A
  • increases release of catecholamine neurotransmitters including dopamine
  • weak MAOI

behavioral effects similar to cocaine

21
Q

uses of amphetamines

A

Attention Deficit Syndrome (ADHD)

Narcolepsy

22
Q

mechanism of action of nicotine

A

selective full agonist of nicotinic receptors –> involves ventral tegmental area where nicotinic receptors are expressed on dopamine neurons

23
Q

FDA approved treatment for cessation of smoking

A

Nicotine Replacement Therapy
Buproprion
Varenicline

24
Q

mechanism and AE of varenicline

A
  • partial agonist at neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the CNS
  • suicidal thoughts, mood changes, vivid nightmares
25
Q

most commonly abused opioids

A

heroin, morphine, codeine, oxycodone

among health care professionals: meperidine and fentanyl

26
Q

drugs used for opioid withdrawal (separate based on classes)

A

opioid agonists: Methadone and Buprenorphine

alpha 2 agonists: clonidine and lofexidine

opioid antagonist: naltrexone

27
Q

produces most of the pharmacological effects of smoked marijuana

A

THC - Tetrahydrocannabinol (Dronabinol)

28
Q

mechanism of marijuana

A

works via Gi –> inhibits adenylyl cyclase, open K channels, close Ca channels

29
Q

AE of THC

A

increased HR, decreased BP, reddening of conjunctiva

30
Q

uses of therapeutic THC – dronabinol

A
  • Anorexia associated with weight loss in AIDs patients

- nausea and vomiting seen in cancer chemo patients

31
Q

what are the psychedelic agents

A 
LSD
Mescaline
Phencyclidine (PCP)
Psilocybin
MDMA
32
Q

mechanism of action of hallucinogens (LSDs)

A

agonistic effects of 5-HT2 receptors in the CNS –> psychomimetic symptoms (hallucinations) and sympathomimetic symptoms (mydriasis, hypertension, tachycardia, flushing, sweating etc)

33
Q

AE of LSD

A

bad trips – severe agitation

34
Q

mechanism and clinical features seen in PCP

A

competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors –> NYSTAGMUS while awake and agitated, violent or bizarre behavior, miosis, anesthesia, analgesia, hypertension,

35
Q

what is used to treat the extreme violent psychotic behavior seen in use of PCP

A

benzos

36
Q

mechanism and clinical features of MDMA (ecstasy)

A

increases concentration serotonin in synaptic cleft by working on serotonin transporter –> tachycardia, muscle aches, agitation, hyperthermia, and seizures

37
Q

what are the inhalants

A

Volatile Organic Solvents (paint thinners etc)
Organic nitrites
Nitrous Oxide

38
Q

use of nitrous oxide

A

intoxicant used by medical personnel that causes euphoria and analgesia before loss of consciousness

usually 35% N2O mixed with O2

39
Q

what happens if given 100% nitrous oxide

A

asphyxia and death

40
Q

name the organic nitrite and its use

A

Amyl nitrite – treatment of angina

41
Q

what are anabolic steroids used for

A

increase muscle mass and definition

Pharmacology (79 decks)

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