Antimalarials Flashcards

1
Q

which form of malaria have two types of stages/parasite forms to eliminate and why

A
  • plasmodium vivax and ovale both have a dormant hepatic stage so both erythrocytic and hepatic parasites must be eliminated
  • plasmodium falciparum and malariae only have erythrocytic parasites to eliminate
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2
Q

which form of malaria can have an incubation period that can last years

A

plasmodium malariae

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3
Q

symptoms of malaria

A

malaria paroxysm (sudden attack) - fever, anemia, splenomegaly, jaundice, hepatomegaly

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4
Q

which form of malaria is most severe and why

A

plasmodium falciparum –> cerebral malaria

  • irritability, seizure, coma
  • also respiratory distress syndrome, diarrhea, severe thrombocytopenia, spontaneous abortion, hypoglycemia
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5
Q

treatment of malaria should be guided by what

A
  • species of infecting plasmodium
  • clinical status of patients
  • drug susceptibility of infecting parasites
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6
Q

major antimalarial drugs

A

CAM PADS Q

Chloroquine
Quinine and Quinidine
Mefloquine
Primaquine
Atovaquone
Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine
Doxycycline
Artemisinins
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7
Q

clinical application of chloroquine

A

treatment and prophylaxis of plasmodium vivax and ovale

sensitive uncomplicated falciparum

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8
Q

MOA of chloroquine

A

prevents biocrystallization of hemoglobin breakdown product heme to non toxic hemozoin –> accumulation of heme –> lysis of parasite and RBC –> effective against blood parasites and not liver parasites

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9
Q

what is resistance against chloroquine

A

plasmodium falciparum – due to mutations in putative transporter, PfCRT

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10
Q

adverse effects of chloroquine

A

Pruritus (most common)

Hemolysis in G6PD deficiency

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11
Q

contraindications of chloroquine

A

patients with psoriasis or porphyria (precipitate attacks)

retinal or visual field abnormalities

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12
Q

what are quinine and quinidine used for

A

severe forms of plasmodium falciparum malaria

quinine is oral and quinidine is parenteral

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13
Q

mechanism of quinine and quinidine

A

depresses O2 uptake and carb metabolism –> intercalates into DNA –> disrupts parasites replication and transcription –> only good for blood parasites

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14
Q

adverse effects of quinine and quinidine

A

CHHHUBES

Cinchonism - tinnitus, visual probs, dizziness
Hypersensitivity - skin rash, urticaria
Hematological abnormalities
Hypoglycemia - stimulates insulin release
Uterine contractions
Blackwater fever - hemolysis and hemoglobinuria
ECG abnormalities - QT prolongation
Severe hypotension - too rapid IV infusion

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15
Q

contraindications of quinine and quinidine

A
  • visual or auditory problem (cinchonism)
  • cardiac abnormalities (ECG problems)
  • raises levels of warfarin and digoxin
  • reduced dose in renal insufficiency
  • don’t use with mefloquine
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16
Q

MOA of Mefloquine and its clinical application

A

destruction of asexual blood forms of malarial pathogens

chemoprophylaxis in preggos in chloroquine resistant areas

17
Q

what drug does mefloquine causes a resistant to

18
Q

adverse effects of Mefloquine

A

Neurologic and psychiatric toxicities

Cardiac conduction defects

19
Q

contraindications of Mefloquine

A
  • Do not administer with quinine, quinidine, and halofantrine
  • Patients with history of neurologic, psychiatric, and cardiac problems
20
Q

drug of choice for dormant liver form of plasmodium vivax and ovale

A

primaquine

21
Q

adverse effects of primaquine

A

Hemolysis
Methemoglobinemia
both especially in G6PD deficiency since primaquine further decreases available GSH by oxidizing it to GSSG

22
Q

contraindication of primaquine

A

G6PD deficiency

Pregnancy - fetus is relatively G6PD deficient

23
Q

what is Malarone

A

Atovaquone + Proguanil

24
Q

MOA of malarone and clinical application (what is it again)

A

atovaquone + proguanil

disrupts mitochondrial electron transport –> used for plasmodium falciparum

25
contraindications of Malarone (name what it is)
Atovaquone + Proguanil Pregnancy
26
inhibitors of folate synthesis used as antimalarials
Pyrimethamine Proguanil Sulfadoxine
27
MOA of the antimalarial inhibitor of folate synthesis
Pyrimethamine + Proguanil = inhibitor plasmodial dihydrofolate reductase Sulfadoxine = inhibit dihydropteroate synthase
28
of the three antimalarial inhibitor of folate synthesis, which works weakly on hepatic forms
Proguanil
29
adverse effects of antimalarial inhibitor of folate synthesis (individually)
Pyrimathamine-Sulfadoxine: Erythema Multiforme, Stevens-Johnson, Toxic epidermal necrolysis Proguanil: mouth ulcers, alopecia Sulfadoxine: Hematological, GI, CNS, dermatologic, and renal toxicities
30
clinical application of doxycycline
prophylaxis for all form treatment of p. falciparum not used against liver stages
31
adverse effects of doxycycline and contraindications
- stunting of growth - discoloration and hypoplasia of teeth - fatal hepatoxicity in pregnancy -don't use in pregnancy and children under 8
32
types of artemisinins
artesunate artemether dihydroartemisinin coartem
33
MOA of artemisinins
binds to iron --> breaks down peroxide bridges --> free radical generation -> damage parasitic protein
34
other antimalarials
Clindamycin Halofantrine Lumefantrine
35
adverse effects of halofantrine
teratogenic
36
when is mefloquine usually given
when chloroquine resistant especially in preggos
37
what is given as prophylaxis when chloroquine resistant
mefloquine, doxycycline, primaquine