drugs for the control of pain Flashcards
what is pain
pain is a unplesant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
what pain assessment scale would you use fr a patient that is mentally delayed, or intubated
behavioural
faces
what is acute pain
nociceptor pain
what is acute pain associated with
associated with tissue injury and activation of receptor nerve endings that transmit pain signals to CNS
associated with tissue injury and activation of receptor nerve endings that transmit pain signals to CNS
acute nociceptive pain
what are the further divisions of acute pain
somatic pain, visceral pain
what is somatic pain
this is sharp localized pain
what is visceral pain
this is the generalized dull, throbbing/aching pain
what is neuropathic pain
this is caused by damage from a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system
what pain is associated with direct nerve injury, surgery, disbetic neurpathy
neuropathic
burning, shooting, numbness are all associated with what kind of pain
neuropathic
chronic pain
persist for over 6 months, interferes with daily activities, high incidence with depression
if there is pain what else is present
inflammation
pain physiology; 5 stage
- transduction
- transmission to peripheral nerves
- tramission in the spinal tracts
- perception
- modulation
what is transduction
this is when trauma occurs, stimulating the nociceptors
what is the transmission to peripheral nerves
this is when the pain impulse travels along the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord along a-c fibres
this is when the pain impulse travels along the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord along a-c fibres
transmission to peripheral nerves
transmission in the spinal tracts
pain impulses continues along ascending tracts of spinal cord
pain impulses continues along ascending tracts of spinal cord
this is the tramission of pain to the spinal tract
what is perception
this is when the cerebral cortex recognizes the pain stimulus
this is when the cerebral cortex recognizes the pain stimulus
perception
what is modulation
limbic system reacts to pain, modulating the signals sent along the descending tracts of the spinal cord
what is multi-modal therapy analgesia
this is the use of drugs from several different drug classes
what refers to the use of varied technique’s and multiple drug classes to achieve effective analgesia
multi-modal therpay
oral and parenteral opioid analgesics and NSAIDS are an example of what kind of therapy
multimodal
NSAIDS
inhibit the inflammatory response to tissue injury
what works to inhibit the activity of cyclooxyegnase; converting arachindonic acid into the inflammatory and pain inducing prostaglandins
NSAIDS
endogenous opioids do what according to pain
modulate the transmission of pain
how are opioid receptors activated
¡ Post synaptic neurons, opens k+ channels, causing membrane hyperpolarization, inhibiting neuronal activity
¡ Presynaptic neurons, closes Ca+ channels inhibiting the release of excitatory neurotransmitters, Ach, substance P, and glutamate
Opioid Drugs
¡ Post synaptic neurons, opens k+ channels, causing membrane hyperpolarization, inhibiting neuronal activity
¡ Presynaptic neurons, closes Ca+ channels inhibiting the release of excitatory neurotransmitters, Ach, substance P, and glutamate
Opioid Drugs
this is how opioid receptors are activated
opioid drugs - how do they work, what receptors do they stimulate
they work to exert their analgesic effects via stimulation of mu and kappa opioid receptors
what exert their analgesic effects via stimulation of mu and kappa opioid receptors
opioid drugs
what are used in the treatment of moderate to severe acute pain
opioid
opioid antagonists
nalaxone
adverse effects of opioids
constipation, nausea, vomiting, pruitius, sedation, respiratory depression, delirium
what are used to augment anesthesia
GABA receptors agent
what work to inhibit the substance p
serotonin agonists
steroids and pain suppression
work to help bone pain and nerve compression
anticovulsant and antiepileptic drugs can be used for what kind of pain
neuropathic pain
