Domain I: Principles of Dietetics: Research Applications Flashcards
The second step in research is to develop a well-constructed research ____, which is a clear and simple statement using few works
Question
The first step in research is to identify a relevant and important ____; review published research literature
Topic
A research question leads to a ____, which is measurable, specifies a population being studied, specifies a time frame and type of relationship being studied, defines variables, and states level
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a ____ of a relationship, often expressed as more than, less than, or not equal to
Prediction
A ____ hypothesis is when there is no relationship in a population of data (any difference is a result of sampling error); often has “equal to” expressed
Null
A hypothesis should be _____ (feasible, interesting, novel or innovative, ethical, and relevant)
FINER
A research objective defines the study’s purpose; consider the ____ format which includes population, intervention/exposure, comparison, and outcome
PICO
Next, you must prepare the research _____, or the methodology to solve the problem
Protocol
After the protocol is complete, organize methods and materials, and ____ and analyze data
Collect
A ____-____ is a formal, defined system that combines the results of numerous small studies to increase the strength of belief in the observed effect; studies are of similar design, have defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and are published peer-reviewed studies
Meta-analysis
_____ has proposed quality standards for the review and monitoring of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized trials
QUOROM
_____ is an evidence-based minimum set of items for reporting on systematic reviews and meta-analyses; focuses on the reporting of reviews evaluating randomized trials, but can also be used as a basis for reporting systematic reviews of other types of research, particularly evaluations of interventions
PRISMA
MOOSE stands for…
Meta-analysis of observational studies in Epidemiology
____ outlines common criteria for clinical trials
CONSORT
The ____ is a condensation of the final report; it includes the purpose of the study, questions asked, scope and method, as well as a summary of the conclusions
Abstract
The _____ of a research report includes the objectives, definitions, background, limitations, and the order of presentation; next in the report will be a review of the existing literature and summary of different view points
Introduction
Also included in the research report will be ____, which includes the statement of the hypothesis and a discussion of the methods used
Methodology
The _____ section of a report will include specific lab, clinical, objective, or subjective findings
Results
The _____ section of a research report includes interpretation of results, comparison with other studies (may be combined with results)
Discussion
The _____ includes a brief summary of results and may include recommendations
Conclusion
The last section of a research report is the _____, which discusses how the information might be applied in practice
Implications
_____ research describes a state of nature at a point in time and generates hypotheses regarding determinants of a condition or disease
Descriptive
Descriptive research provides ____ data and monitors change over time
Baseline
Descriptive research establishes _____ among factors, but does not allow causal relationships to be determined (does NOT prove cause and effect)
Associations
What are 4 types of descriptive research?
-Qualitative research
-Case report, case study, case series
-Surveys
-Correlation studies/ecological studies
Qualitative research precedes other research; the purpose is to explore a phenomenon of interest as a prelude to ____ development
Theory
Qualitative research generates _____ data (rather than numerical data or numbers) that is collected through interviews, observations, questionnaires, and potentially focus groups
Narrative
A case report/case study/case series reports on ____ of one subject or more than one subject
Observation
Case reports describe, quantitatively, the experiences of a group of cases with a ____ in common
Disease/condition
Case reports help identify ____ that are important to the etiology, care, or outcomes of a particular condition
Variables
Surveys are research designed to describe and quantify characteristics of a defined population in a defined time frame; pinpoints _____
Problems
Correlation or ecological studies compare the ____ of events/disease rates in different populations with the per capita consumption of certain dietary factors (Ex: correlation between fish consumption and breast cancer incidence)
Frequency
_____ research tests hypotheses concerning the effects of specific factors of interest and allows causal associations to be determined
Analytical
Analytical research can prove ____ __ ____
Cause and effect
Examples of analytical study designs:
-Clinical trials
-Follow-up studies
-Case-control studies
An experimental study uses an ____ and a ____ group
Experimental and control
With an experimental study, ____ occurs which randomly assigns members of a target population in either the treatment or control group without bias
Randomization
The experimental group recieves the program or treatment, while the control group does not/is given a placebo which removes the possibility of the ____ effect, which is a positive response due to attention that participants receive
Hawthorne
Experimental studies are difficult to run because there may not be enough people for a control group and researchers may not feel that it is _____ to deny certain participants a service
Ethical
The gold standard for clinical nutrition studies is a ____ ____ ___, which is considered the best for evaluating medical treatments and interventions with one or more treatments
Randomized Controlled Trial
In a ____ design study, participants are randomly assigned to a particular treatment group and remain on that treatment throughout the study
Parallel
In a _____ design study, each participant serves as their own control
Crossover
In a ____ ____ crossover design, each participant would receive either the intervention or control in the first period, and the alternate treatment in the second period
Two period
A major advantage to the crossover design is that _____ is reduced because the measured effect of the intervention is the difference in that participant’s response to the intervention and control (this allows us to use a smaller sample size)
Variability
Crossover study designs are usually _____ in duration, but each participant is exposed to all treatments
Longer
A Quasi-experimental study design is also known as a ____ ____, or a series of measurements at periodic intervals before the program begins and after the program ends; it shows whether measurements before and after the program are a continuation of previous patterns of whether they indicate noteworthy change
Time study
A ____ is any group whose members have something in common
Cohort
A cohort study design follows a group of ____ people through time to see if they develop a specific condition
Healthy
A cohort study is sometimes called an _____ study, which tracks the frequency of new (newly diagnosed) cases of a disease
Incidence
Cohort studies are carried out over a long period of time (_____ study), and are typically _____ (future-oriented)
Longitudinal; prospective
Some cohort studies may be ____, which use existing data and look back for a relationship between exposure factors and outcomes
Retrospective
A ___-___ study focuses on a specific disease; those with the disease are compared with a group without the disease, but otherwise similar in characteristics
Case-control
In a case-control study, both groups recall past ____, which allows researchers to study how the groups differ
Behaviors
____-____ studies are a one-time data collection counting all of the cases of a specific disease among a group of people at a particular time
Cross-sectional
Cross-sectional studies measure _____; they are a snap-shot look at one point in time to describe current (not past or present) events
Prevalence
The ___ ____ ____, which is under the FDA, is a committee established to review and approve research involving human subjects to ensure it is conducted within all ethical and federal guidelines (also may be known as Independent Ethics Committee, Ethical Review Board, or Research Review Board)
Institutional Review Board
To be designated as an author of a manuscript in biomedical journals, you must have made substantial contributions to the ____ or ____ of the data
Design/analysis
Statistical evaluation, interpretation, and application of data answers the question, “Did we ____ what we think?”
Prove
Internal ____ tests whether the difference between the two groups is real (has the experimental group really performed differently?)
Validity
External validity tests whether or not a _____ can be made from the study to larger populations
Generalization
____ ___ ____ is a tool used to evaluate validity; it asks whether the difference between samples is a reliable one that would be repeated
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
ANOVA is used when several (___ or more) products compete against one another
3
ANOVA compares the variance ____ groups with the variance ___ groups
Between; within
ANOVA answers the question of if there are one or more ____ differences anywhere among the samples
Significant
_____ is a measure of the consistency or reproducibility of test results (test, the retest later- are results similar?)
Reliability
A _____ reliability test uses two separate but similar forms of the same test at the same time; reliability is determined by the degree to which the sets of scores coincide
Parallel
Split halves of reliability divide the test in half; reliability is determined by the degree of ____ of results
Similarity
____ is the amount of variation that occurs randomly
Precision
Less random ____ results in greater precision in the measurement and greater reliability
Variation
___ and ___ are used if the protocol involves screening for a particular condition; it evaluates the cut-off value being used
Sensitivity and specificity
Sensitivity measures the proportion of afflicted individuals that test ____
Positive
Specificity measures the proportion of non-afflicted individuals that test as _____
Non-afflicted
____ are characteristics that may have different values from observation to observation
Variables
_____ data fits into a category with no special order (Ex: gender, race, marital status, present or absent)
Nominal (non-ordinal)
____ order data can be compared with one another and put in order (Ex: best to worst, state of disease 1-4)
Rank (ordinal scale)
Numerical ____ data is data with numbers, for example number of clinic visits
Discrete
Numerical ____ data has underlying scales such as blood pressure
Continuous
______ means each segment of the population will be represented in the sample; selects units from a much larger population and uses randomization
Probability
____-____ means that there is no way of forecasting that each element in the population will be represented in the sample
Non-probability
_____ sampling is an example of non-probability; it takes units as they arrive on scene (no attempt to control bias)
Convenience (accidental)
_____ explains the process of selecting units in the same ratio as they are found in the general population
Quota
Measures of ____ ____ measure the center of any mass data
Central tendency
The ___ ____ is the simple average; total the values of all observations and divide by the number of observations
Arithmetic mean
The ____ is the midpoint of a data set; arrange observations from low to high and count the number of values to find the midpoint
Median
The ____ is the most frequently occurring value; it is the prediction most likely to be right
Mode
Measures of ____ measure how values are distributed about the mean
Dispersion
_____ is an example of a measure of dispersion; it is the difference between the lower value nd highest value in the distribution
Range
____ ____ indicates the degree of dispersion about the mean value of a distribution; this is the most significant measure of dispersion (it is the square root of the sum of the squared deviations of each value from the mean, divided by the number of observations)
Standard deviation
The curve of a normal distribution as it falls away from it peak on either side is ____ (bulging outward), and becomes concave as it begins to level off
Convex
The distance between the mean and ___ ___ ____ on either side is equal to the standard deviation
Point of infliction
About ____% of all observations in a normal distribution lie within 1 standard deviation of the mean (mean + 1 SD)
68% (2/3)
____% of all observations lie within about 2 standard deviations of the mean
95%
____ are relationships between varying types of data; the closer the points are to the line, the stronger the degree of linear relationship
Correlations
The linear ____ ____ (r) is a measure of how close the points are to the line
Correlation coefficient
The value of the linear correlation coefficient is always between ___ and ___ (r is 1 when all the points lie exactly on a straight line with a positive slope and -1 when all the points lie exactly on a straight line with a negative slope)
-1 and 1
The closer to 0, the more _____ the points are from the line (if r=0, there is no linear relationship/agreement)
Dispersed
The clinical ____ is a change or difference in outcomes that somebody cares about; the outcome must be relevant for patient care, public health, or the field of study (change must be statistically significant, not due to chance)
Significance
Levels of significance are expressed as a ____ value
p
The ____ the value of the p-value, the higher the significance of your results
Lower
A p-value of ____ or less indicates a significant difference with reliable results
0.05
A p-value of more ____ indicates not very significant difference and results that are not reliable
0.05
The level of significance shows how strong or weak the evidence is in support of the _____
Hypothesis
The smaller the p-value, the higher the confidence that the effect you observed is ____
Real
A ___-___ study removed bias from research because neither the researcher not the subject knows which group is receiving the treatment and which the placebo
Double-blind
____ is the rate of death, while ____ is the state of disease
Mortality; morbidity
____ statistics summarize and describe aspects of a set of data
Descriptive
_____ statistics are techniques that allow conclusions to extend beyond an immediate data set (what is the probability that the results can be applied to a larger group/what can be inferred from the results?)
Inferential
A _____ test does not depend on a normal distribution
Nonparametric
_____ scores have only two possible outcomes, such as heads or tails
Dichotomous
_____ scores are measured on a continuous scale
Continuous
A ____ study is an example of a formative evaluation
Pilot
____ ____ tests evaluate whether or not there is a real difference between categories; used with attributes that have more than 2 categories; compared the frequency with which we’d expect certain observations to occur with the frequency that actually occurred
Chi-squared
A ___-test tests the significance between the means of two different populations; tests the null against the alternative hypothesis; if this probability value is equal to less than the level set for significance, the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis (reject the null=signficant data)
T
A ____ is a block diagram whose blocks are proportional in area to the frequency in each class or group (frequency distribution of data)
Block
Evidence-based guidelines are developed by conducting a ____ ____ and then using the conclusion of the review to develop practice-based guidelines; the AND Evidence Analysis Library assists in answering questions that may arise during the provision of nutrition care
Systematic review
