Domain I: Principles of Dietetics: Nutrient, energy needs, and feeding patterns throughout the lifespan Flashcards
Gravida refers to _____
Pregnancy
A female who is at a normal weight should gain ___-___ lbs during pregnancy
25-35
A female who is underweight should gain ____-____ lbs during pregnancy
28-40
A female who is overweight should gain ____-____ lbs during pregnancy
15-25
A female who is obese should gain ____-____ lbs during pregnancy
11-20
The target for pregnant women should be to achieve at least the ____ limit for weight gain during pregnancy
Lower
What two populations should strive to reach the upper end of weight gain during pregnancy?
-Black women
-Very young women
During the second trimester, women should increase their calorie intake by ____ calories
340
During the third trimester, women should increase their calorie intake by ____
452
For the first 6 months of lactation, women should increase their calorie intake by ____ calories
330
For the second 6 months of breastfeeding (6-12 months), women should increase their calorie intake by ____ calories
400
During the second half of pregnancy and during lactation, women should get ____ grams of protein per day
71
The minimum recommended hemoglobin level during pregnancy is ____ g/dL
11
The minimum recommended hematocrit level during pregnancy is ____%
33
Weight gain should be about ___ lb/month for the first 3 months, and then ___lb/week after that
1; 1
Mothers/babies are at risk if…
-They don’t gain 4 pounds/month in the last half of pregnancy
-Under 16 or over 35 years of age
-Under 12 months between pregnancies
A pregnant adolescent is a high risk pregnancy; they require additional…
-Iron
-Calcium
-Zinc
Pregnant women should receive supplementation of ____ mg of ferrous sulfate during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters
30
Ferrous sulfate should be taken ____ meals and not with milk, tea, or coffee
Between
Pregnant women should also receive supplementation of ____ mcg of folic acid (assumes an additional 200 mcg from food)
400
For pregnant and lactating women 18 or under, they require ____ mg of calcium/day
1300
For pregnant and lactating women over 18, they require ____ mg of calcium/day
1000
_____ is a hormone that develops the placenta after implantation
Progesterone
During pregnancy, ____ g/day of linolenic acid is recommended (300 mg DHA)
1.4
During lactation, ____ g/day of linolenic acid is recommended
1.3
Linolenic acid is needed for development of the fetal ____ ____
Nervous system
Pregnant women should avoid excess intake of preformed vitamin ___ (supplements over 5000 IU)
A
What types of fish should pregnant women avoid due to mercury levels?
-Shark
-Swordfish
-King mackerel
-Limit albacore
-Raw fish
Normal birth weight is between ____-____ g
2500-4000
Low birth weight is under ____ lbs/____ g
5.5 lbs; 2500 g
Very low birth weight is under ____ lbs/____g
3.3 lbs; 1500 g
Extremely low birth weight is under ____g
1000
Small for gestational age indicates under the ____ percentile for birth weight for gestational age
10th
Appropriate for gestational age indicates weight between the ___ and ___ percentile
10th and 90th
Large for gestational age indicates weight above the ____ percentile
90th
Infants need the most ____, ____, and ____ per unit weight compared to any other population
Calories, protein, water
Infants 0-6 months require ____ kcal/kg
108
The RDA for protein for infants 0-6 months is ____ g (1.52 g/kg)
9.1
Infants 0-6 months require ___-___ ml/kg of water (based on age)
125-155
Infants age 0-1 require a minimum of ____ g of fat per day
30
Infants 7 months to 1 year require ____ kcal/kg
98
The RDA for protein for infants 7 months to 1 year is ____ g/day (1.2 g/kg)
11
Infants 7 months to 12 months require ____ ml/kcal of water per day
1.5
A ____ is an infant from 0-1 year
Neonate
Neonates can absorb whole, intact ____
Protein
The average weight for infants 0-6 months of age is ____ kg; the average weight for those 7-12 months is _____ kg
6; 9
The average length for infants 0-6 months of age is ____ inches; the average height for those 7-12 months is _____ inches
24; 28
Hemoglobin in a newborn should be between ___-____; hemoglobin for those 6-23 months should be 10+
16.5-19.5
Hematocrit in a newborn should be between ____-____
49-54
Human milk contains ____ kcal/oz
20
_____ is a pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production
Prolactin
____ is a pituitary hormone that stimulates the movement of milk through the ducts
Oxytocin
_____ is the yellowish transparent fluid that is secreted from the breast during the first few days; it meets the infants needs during the first
Colostrum
Colostrum has ____ protein and ____ fat and carbohydrates than mature milk; also contains antibodies
More; less
It is recommended to exclusively breastfeed for the first ____ months of life, then supplemented by weaning foods for at least up to 12 months
6
Human milk is ___% protein, compared to cow’s milk, which is ____% protein
7; 20
Human milk is ___% carbohydrate, compared to cow’s milk, which is ____% carbohydrate
38; 30
Human milk is ___% fat, compared to cow’s milk, which is ____% fat
55; 50
Breast-fed infants need _____ IU of vitamin D/day from birth
400
Breastfed infants require ____ mg of fluoride/day after 6 months if water doesn’t contain adequate amounts
0.25
Milk supply is adequate if the infant gains weight and length, has frequent stools and has ____-____ wet diapers per day
6-8
The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative is a global effort to increase ____ and ____ of breastfeeding (measurable outcomes); a hospital must show it implements 10 steps to successful breastfeeding
Incidence and duration
Infant formula is ____ kcal/oz
20
Infants need ____ oz/lb/day of formula
2.5
Infant formula has more ____ and ____ than breastmilk, but lacks antibodies
Protein and iron
Vitamin D requirement is met if infant receives at least 1 ____ of standard (vitamin D fortified) infant formula daily
Quart
Formula-fed infants also need fluoride supplementation of ____ mg/day after 6 months of age if water supply is inadequate (0.3 ppm)
0.25
Unmodified ____ milk in formula is inappropriate because of tough, hard, curd; it is hard to digest
Cow’s
Unmodified cow’s milk contains less ____ ____ ____
Essential fatty acid
Unmodified cow’s milk also causes increased ____ solute load
Renal
Dried whey contains ____% lactose (casein hydrolysate does not contain lactose)
73
____-fortified formula is recommended for all infanta on formula
Iron
____ indicates that unconjugated bilirubin levels are elevated within the first week of life as a result of increased breakdown of red blood cells or decreased intestinal motility
Hyperbilirubinemia
If an infant has hyperbilirubinemia, encourage ___-___ feedings per day of breastmilk or formula to promote hydration and intestinal motility
9-12
Fetal iron stores decrease at ___-___ months which means they require additional iron, preferably from formula or supplemental foods
3-4
Infants can start getting cereal at ___-___ months
4-6
Add solids at 4-6 months when ____ posture can be maintained and ____ reflex diminishes
Sitting; extrusion
When starting solids, begin with iron-fortified rice cereals, then strained ___ and ___
Fruits and vegetables
At 6-8 months of age, add large finger foods (teething biscuits) that can be secured with the _____ grasp
Palmar
At 9-12 months, add small finger foods (dry cereal) as the ____ grasp (thumb and forefinger) develops
Pincer
Infants should not get cow’s milk or ____ for the first year of life
Juice
