Domain I: Principles of Dietetics: Composition of Food

Question 1

Food ____ is the additive influence of foods and constituents which, when eaten, have a beneficial effect on health

Answer 1

Synergy

Question 2

____ are live microbial food ingredients that benefit health; they can be found in things like Kefir, acidophilus milk, and yogurt

Answer 2

Probiotics

Question 3

Probiotics promote healthy microbial balance in the intestine, and may stimulate the activity of ____ cells and reduce gut inflammation

Answer 3

Immune

Question 4

_____ are non-digestible food ingredients that support the growth of probiotics; includes fibers (fructooligosaccharides) and inulin (fructose polymer)

Answer 4

Pre-biotics

Question 5

_____ foods provide more functions than the basic nutritional benefits

Answer 5

Functional

Question 6

Examples of functional foods:

Answer 6

-Grape juice and red wine
-Omega 3 fatty acids in fish
-Tomatoes

Question 7

Grape juice and red wine contain ____, which reduces platelet aggregation

Answer 7

Resveratrol

Question 8

Omega 3 fatty acids in fatty fish may reduce ____ levels

Answer 8

Triglyceride

Question 9

Tomatoes contain ____ which may reduce the risk of prostate cancer

Answer 9

Lycopene

Question 10

Some foods might be ____ (fortified, enriched, enhanced) to be more functional

Answer 10

Modified

Question 11

Fermented dairy products have ____, which support GI health

Answer 11

Probiotics

Question 12

Fortified margarine contains plant ____/____ ____which reduce total and LDL cholesterol

Answer 12

Sterols/stanol esters

Question 13

Another example of a functional food is medical foods such as a PKU formula free of _____

Answer 13

Phenylalanine

Question 14

_____ are biologically active, naturally occurring chemical compounds in plant foods and as a natural defense for the plant

Answer 14

Phytochemicals

Question 15

Sources of phytochemicals include…

Answer 15

-Fruits
-Vegetables
-Legumes
-Whole grains
-Nuts
-Seeds
-Herbs
-Spices

Question 16

Possible benefits of phytochemicals in humans:

Answer 16

-Prevention or treatment of chronic diseases like cancer, heart disease
-May detoxify drugs, toxins, carcinogens, and mutagens
-May act as blocking agents, preventing active carcinogens from reaching targets
-May reduce risk of CHD by protecting LDL cholesterol from oxidation, reducing synthesis or absorption of cholesterol

Question 17

One example of a phytochemical is ____, which can be found in cruciferous vegetables and have the power to detoxify carcinogens

Answer 17

Indoles

Question 18

Another phytochemical is ____ which are found in anthoxanthins in soybeans; they have the ability to lower elevated cholesterol

Answer 18

Isoflavones

Question 19

Categories of phytochemicals:

Answer 19

-Terpenes
-Carotenoids
-Lycopene
-Phenols
-Flavonoids
-Phytoestrogens
-Thiols
-Lignans (flaxseed)

Question 20

The USDA ____ ____ ____ for standard reference is a major source of information on food composition

Answer 20

National Nutrition Database

Question 21

The Food and Nutrition ____ ____ ____ ____ is used to analyze data from dietary surveys

Answer 21

Database for Dietary Studies

Question 22

The FDA ___ ____ Study Database has information on food, minerals, and chemicals

Answer 22

Total Diet

Question 23

The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act is from what agency?

Answer 23

FDA

Question 24

The National Labeling and Education Act says that a food label must include…

Answer 24

-Form
-Weight
-Name and address of manufacturer
-Ingredients in descending order or predominance
-Size of serving

Question 25

Regulation for a food to be labeled “low cholesterol”:

Answer 25

<20 mg of cholesterol per serving

Question 26

Regulation for a food to be labeled “Low calorie”:

Answer 26

No more than 40 kcal/serving

Question 27

Regulation for a food to be labeled “low fat”:

Answer 27

3 or less grams of fat/serving

Question 28

Regulation for a food to be labeled “fat free”:

Answer 28

<0.5 g fat/serving

Question 29

Regulation for a food to be labeled “very low sodium”:

Answer 29

35 mg or less sodium/serving

Question 30

Regulation for a food to be labeled “low sodium”:

Answer 30

140 mg or less sodium/serving

Question 31

Regulation for a food to be labeled “low saturated fat”:

Answer 31

1 gram or less saturated fat/serving

Question 32

Regulation for a food to be labeled “lean”:

Answer 32

<10 g fat
<4 g saturated fat
<95 mg cholesterol

Question 33

Regulation for a food to be labeled “extra lean”:

Answer 33

<5 g fat
<2 g saturated fat
<95 mg cholesterol

Question 34

Regulation for a food to be labeled “free” of any nutrient:

Answer 34

No amount/trivial amount

Question 35

Regulation for a food to be labeled “lite/light”:

Answer 35

-1/3 fewer calories OR
-50% less fat

Question 36

Regulation for a food to be labeled “gluten-free”:

Answer 36

<20 ppm gluten

Question 37

Regulation for a food to be labeled “organic”:

Answer 37

-Minimum of 95% organic ingredients (up to 5% of non-organic ingredients allowed)

Question 38

The Percent ___ ___ is the percentage of the daily value for each nutrient that 1 serving provides

Answer 38

Daily value

Question 39

The percent daily value includes ___ ___ ___ and ____ ___ ____

Answer 39

Daily reference value (DRV) and Reference daily intake (RDI)

Question 40

The new food label requires daily values for what 4 nutrients, as well as total sugar and added sugar?

Answer 40

-Potassium
-Iron
-Calcium
-Vitamin D

Question 41

____ is exempt from labeling act on allergens

Answer 41

Corn

Question 42

A food additive that does not have “generally recognized as safe” status:

Answer 42

Sucralose

Question 43

Dietary supplement labels can be used to describe how a nutrient affects normal body function, but no that it can ___, ____, or ____ any condition

Answer 43

Prevent, cure, treat

Question 44

1 mcg of dietary folate equivalents is equal to ____ mcg of folic acid

Answer 44

0.6

Question 45

_____ claims on food labels are based on authoritative statements from a scientific body of the U.S Government or the National Academy of Science (Ex: a calcium-rich diet may help prevent osteoporosis)

Answer 45

Health

Question 46

____ ____ claims on packaging represent emerging evidence of a relationship, but are not conclusive and require a disclaimer (Ex: evidence suggests but does not prove…)

Answer 46

Qualified health

Question 47

____ ____ claims explain how a nutrient affects the body and may be used without FDA permission (Ex: fiber maintains bowel regularity)

Answer 47

Structure function