Domain I: Principles of Dietetics: Components of the Educational Plan Flashcards
To choose a setting and clientele for an educational plan, one must use multicultural _____
Awareness
Multicultural awareness requires one to evaluate their own ____ and ____ and become comfortable with differences
Beliefs and attitudes
Ineffective ____ can result in incorrect diagnoses and noncompliance with treatment
Communication
We should assume ____ until similarities are proven
Differences
Emphasize ____ rather than interpretation or evaluation; focus on getting a complete description of what is wanted rather than making judgments on how something was said and avoid stereotyping
Description
How do cultural communication styles differ?
-Rate, pitch, and volume of the voice
-Eye contact: direct gaze or avert the eyes as a sign of respect
-Expression restrained, emotional, or focused
-Speech: slow and soft, loud, fast
-Greetings: handshake firm, mild
Gestures, facial expressions, and postures are often a cause of _____; good posture is generally a sign of respect
Misinterpretation/confusion
____ relationships vary among cultures and individuals (how close you stand or sit to someone else)
Spatial
The ____ zone of spatial relationship is usually less than 18 inches and is used for very close friends or business handshakes
Intimate
The ____ zone of spatial relationship is between 18 inches and 4 feet and is used when giving instructions or working closely
Personal
The ____ zone of spatial relationship is 4 feet to 12 feet and is used in most business interactions
Social
The _____ zone of spatial relationship is over 12 feet and is used for very informal interactions
Public
When working with clients who speak limited English, use ____ terms and avoid slang, acronyms, and shorthand; use short, simple sentences and always speak directly to the client
Simple
_____ explains the art and science of teaching children where teachers are the authority figures
Pedagogy
_____ explains how adults are mutual partners in learning
Andragogy
Andragogy explains that adults are…
-More problem-centered than subject-centered
-Motivated by internal things rather than external things
-Self-directed learners
Middle and upper income adults are more ____-oriented and consider activities they can’t relate to as a waste of time
Goal
Lower-income adults have interests focused on costs and traditional food habits; they tend to be oriented towards the ____ and towards solving current problems
Present
Those who are very poor are ___-term planners
Short
Adolescents relate to their interests; it is important to consider the influence of ____ ____ and attitudes toward authority
Peer pressure
Elderly people have a ____ attention span and require audience participation to maintain interest; they may prefer shorter sessions and written material
Short
Develop goals and objectives based on an assessment of client ____
Knowledge
Educational goals must be set in accordance with the process of ____
Learning
Goals must be based on previous learning and the characteristics of the ____ being instructed
Group
Objectives in patient-centered counseling include…
-Increase awareness of diet-related risks
-Provide nutrition knowledge
-Enhance skills to promote long-term changes in intake
-Increase confidence for making dietary changes
Objectives should include what components?
-What it is (action)
-Who it is (target)
-When or time frame
-Measure of outcome
The measure of outcome should be _____ (acronym)
SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, time-bound)
_____ is a fit between the program and the expected outcomes based on the objectives
Consonance
The _____ of the education can be made up of community resources, learning activities/methodology, references, handouts, instructional materials
Content
Steps of creating the content for an education session:
-Evaluate the information available and match it objectives
-Organize into a logical sequence
-Develop lesson plan
-Evaluate what you have developed
A lesson plan is a written summary of information about a unit of instruction and describes all aspects including plans for _____, as well as objectives, content, sequence, activities, and time available
Reassessment
Instructional media selected depends on the ____ goals, the size and learning style of the audience, the physical facility, the equiptment, and time allotted
Teaching
_____ and programmed instructional materials can substitute for instructors in certain aspects of the learning process
Computers
Computers can be used to learn purely _____ material, which leaves the instructor with more time to develop affective and psychomotor learning
Cognitive
_____ strategies should reflect the objectives of the educational program
Evaluation
____ ____ compares outcomes of students with the norm of a group
Norm referencing
____ ____ measures the performance of students against a standard or defined objective
Criterion referencing
____ is closely linked to planning; must account for all expenses
Budgeting
Budgeting should consider the…
-Funding
-Expenditures to date
-Current estimated costs to complete the budget
-Anticipated profit or loss
Periodic budget reviews help control _____ and help adhere to the planning schedule
Resources
Program ____ informs and educates consumers about the existance of a product or service
Promotion
Tools for program promotion:
-Advertising
-Sales promotion
-Personal promotion
-Public relations
Advertising can be in the form of purchased or electronic media; ____ message to carefully defined audience
Targeted
Sales promotion includes ___-___ incentives to encourage purchases (coupons)
Short-term
Personal promotion includes formal/informal ____, health fairs, cooking demos, media interviews (direct contact, provides positive feedback)
Presentations
Public relations includes organized effort to promote a ____ image through news coverage or goodwill
Favorable
What are the three domains of learning?
-Cognitive
-Affective
-Psychomotor
The _____ domain of learning is the acquisition of knowledge or subject matter (factual information)
Cognitive
The _____ domain of learning is the acquisition of attitudes and values, growth in feelings or emotions
Affective
The _____ domain of learning is the acquisition of muscular skills (exercises, food preparation)
Psychomotor
____ ____ explains how objectives at a lower level must be mastered before more complex learning can take place
Blooms Taxonomy
How to teach depends on the ____ and ____ of the learner
Needs and readiness
_____ level of the learner affects the attention span
Motivation
The ____ level of the learner is not always related to the amount of formal education
Education
For ____ learners, like young children and some adults who lack nutrition training, you need to do a thorough introduction and background
Inexperienced
For _____ experienced learners, like teachers health educators, and patients already instructed, emphasize review of material, reorganize it for better use, and move on to more complicated topics
Moderately
For ____ experienced learners, limit audience participation at first, establish yourself as the expert, cite credentials, and use a lecture formal with audiovisuals
Very
____ strategy techniques are based on a cause-and-effect explanation of behavior
Change
The ABC framework of change states that therapy can focus on the cues, or ____, the ____, or the ____ of the behavior (ABC)
Antecedents, behavior, consequence
An antecedent is an event or environment that ____ a specific behavior or response
Triggers
What are three behavior modification methods?
-Positive reinforcement
-Avoidance learning
-Extinction
Positive reinforcement encourages ____ of a given behavior; should be specific and immediate (can get meaningful attention from superiors)
Repetition
Avoidance learning explains how people learn to escape from unpleasant _____ (people try to avoid future criticism by improving future performance)
Consequences
Extinction works to ____ undesired behavior; no reinforcement for undesired behavior (ignore) which leads to the behavior eventually disappearing
Reduce
The _____ ____ ___ ____ model states that behavior involves a series of stages
Transtheoretical stages of change
You must determine the stage that someone is in to assess ____ to change
Readiness
What are the five stages of change?
-Pre-contemplation
-Contemplation
-Preparation
-Action
-Maintenance
The pre-contemplation stage of change is when someone is ____ or _____ in making a change
Unaware, uninterested
Someone is in the contemplation stage of change if they are thinking about making a change in the near ____ (“I know what to do, BUT…”)
Future
Someone is in the preparation stage of change if they decide to make the change and ____ the change
Plans
Someone is in the action stage of change if they ____ to make the change
Try
Someone is in the maintenance phase if they maintain the change for ___ months or longer
6
The ____ ____ model was developed to explain why people, especially those at high risk, fail to participate in programs designed to detect or prevent disease
Health Belief
The Health Belief model explains how a person must perceive the ____ and the susceptibility to the threat for the threat to be a behavior-motivating factor
Severity
The Health Belief model states that people will engage in healthy behaviors if they value the _____
Outcome
What are the five components of the Health Belief model?
-Perceived susceptibility
-Perceived impact
-Perceived advantage of change
-Appraisal of barriers
-Self efficacy
_____ of innovation is how an innovation, an idea, or a behavior spreads
Diffusion
_____ are people who adopt an idea readily, usually without input from others
Innovators
____ ____ are opinion leaders in a community and are usually well-respected
Early adopters
The ____ ____ is a group of people who are typically cautious of adopting a new idea
Early majority