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Biology > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

organisms that can produce their own food from their environment

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2
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

cannot synthesise their own food and rely on organisms for nutrients

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3
Q

Essential nutrients (7)

A

minerals, vitamins, fats, carbohydrates, fibre, water, proteins.

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4
Q

Function of proteins

A

-necessary for growth and maintenance of all body cells and tissues
-source of energy

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5
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A

supply of energy in the cells

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6
Q

Function of lipids (fats)

A

-supply and store energy
-insulate to conserve body heat
-support and cushion organs
-absorb fat-soluble vitamins

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7
Q

Function of vitamins

A

promote specific chemical reactions in the cell

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8
Q

Function of minerals

A

used for growth and maintenance of bones and teeth

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9
Q

Function of fibre

A

needed to increase bulk and water in the intestinal contents

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10
Q

Function of water

A

-Transports chemicals
-regulates temperature
-removes waste products

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11
Q

Herbivore’s-function of incisors

A

They have a dental pad. Use tongue to grasp plants and pinch it off with lower incisors against dental pad

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12
Q

Herbivore’s-Function of canines

A

absent. They have a diastema to allow for tongue movement during prolonged chewing

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13
Q

Herbivore’s-Function of pre-molars

A

Thoroughly grind plant food and mix with large amounts of saliva

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14
Q

Herbivore’s-Jaw movement

A

Movement is up and down and side to side

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15
Q

Herbivore’s-Eye position

A

eye positioned at the side for wider angle of visual field to see approaching predators

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16
Q

What is a birds beak made of

A

bone, keratin and blood vessels

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17
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Where large pieces of food are ingested and physically broken down into smaller pieces

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18
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Where larger molecules of food are broken down into smaller molecules by enzymes, acid and bile

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19
Q

Carnivore-Function of incisors

A

allowing for gnawing at bones

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20
Q

Carnivore-Function of canines

A

enable the carnivore to rip meat

21
Q

Carnivore-Function of the carnassial

A

Allow shearing of meat, more effective than tearing

22
Q

Carnivore-Function of molars

A

used for cracking of bones

23
Q

Carnivore-Function of jaw muscles

A

Strong musculature to hold on to struggling prey. Jaw movement up and down only

24
Q

Carnivore-Eye position

A

Forward facing eyes to allow for depth of vision

25
Q

What is peristalsis

A

Movement of the oesophagus and intestines

26
Q

What are the two main functions of the rumen?

A

storage and is the site of fermentation

27
Q

What is contained in the rumen chamber

A

feed, a lot of saliva, which provides the correct conditions for a healthy gut

28
Q

The rumen-What is the role of the microbes during the fermentation process

A

Microbes break down plant cellulose cell walls

29
Q

What is the relationship between the rumen and reticulum

A

the rumen and reticulum aren’t separate so lighter material goes back into the rumen but heavier material goes into the next chamber, the reticulum

30
Q

The rumen-What are papillae and their function

A

Small projections lining the inside of the rumen increasing the surface area for high rates

31
Q

Describe the structure of the reticulum

A

small pouch lined with honeycomb. The walls of the reticulum are particularly muscular and thick, and can trap heavy foreign objects before they travel further down the tract

32
Q

What is the function of the reticulum

A

collects smaller pieces of feed from the rumen. When the feed is too big, the reticulum contracts and regurgitates the larger feed into the rumen and back up the oesophagus as cud

33
Q

Describe the structure of the omasum

A

Ball shaped and lined with leaves of tissue, like pages in a book

34
Q

What are the functions of the omasum

A

Absorb water and some nutrients and salts

35
Q

Why is increasing surface area important in relation to digestion system

A

Increased surface area improves nutrient (energy) and water absorption

36
Q

What is the main function of the small intestine

A

absorbs all major nutrients

37
Q

How does the small intestines structure help in it’s function

A

has small finger-like projections called villi, which increases surface area for maximum absorption

38
Q

What is the major function of the large intestine

A

-absorb water from intestine contents
-some microbes will draw out any remaining nutrients
-Remaining material is stored in the rectum until it’s passed out as faeces

39
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder

A

store and concentrate bile, a yellow -brown digestive fluid produced by the liver

40
Q

Role of the pancreas in relation to digestion

A

contains lots of different enzymes:
-Trypsin
-Amylase
-Lipase
-NaHCo3

41
Q

Enzymes-Function of trypsin

A

Breaks down short peptides into amino acids

42
Q

Enzymes-Function of amylase

A

Breaks down starch into glucose

43
Q

Enzymes-Function of lipose

A

Breaks down lipids into fatty acids

44
Q

Enzymes-Function of NaHCo3

A

Neutralizes acid

45
Q

Digestive disorders-Ingestion of foreign bodies

A

-can cause obstructions in the digestive system
-Some foreign bodies such as nails or tools can puncture the digestive system walls, leading to infection and death

46
Q

Digestive disorders-what is Diarrhoea is caused by

A

-Unsuitable amounts of food
-contaminated foods
-Unsuitable food types
-stress
-Pathogens

47
Q

Digestive disorders-Ruminant bloat

A

-most common in cattle
-caused by a build up of gas in the rumen and can be fatal

48
Q

Digestive disorders-Frothy bloat

A

caused by foam in the rumen trapping the gas: more common in animals fed high on protein, low roughage diet

49
Q

Digestive disorders-free-gas bloat

A

caused by obstructions in the oesophagus

Biology (19 decks)

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