Digestive system

Question 1

What are autotrophs?

Answer 1

organisms that can produce their own food from their environment

Question 2

What are heterotrophs?

Answer 2

cannot synthesise their own food and rely on organisms for nutrients

Question 3

Essential nutrients (7)

Answer 3

minerals, vitamins, fats, carbohydrates, fibre, water, proteins.

Question 4

Function of proteins

Answer 4

-necessary for growth and maintenance of all body cells and tissues
-source of energy

Question 5

Function of carbohydrates

Answer 5

supply of energy in the cells

Question 6

Function of lipids (fats)

Answer 6

-supply and store energy
-insulate to conserve body heat
-support and cushion organs
-absorb fat-soluble vitamins

Question 7

Function of vitamins

Answer 7

promote specific chemical reactions in the cell

Question 8

Function of minerals

Answer 8

used for growth and maintenance of bones and teeth

Question 9

Function of fibre

Answer 9

needed to increase bulk and water in the intestinal contents

Question 10

Function of water

Answer 10

-Transports chemicals
-regulates temperature
-removes waste products

Question 11

Herbivore’s-function of incisors

Answer 11

They have a dental pad. Use tongue to grasp plants and pinch it off with lower incisors against dental pad

Question 12

Herbivore’s-Function of canines

Answer 12

absent. They have a diastema to allow for tongue movement during prolonged chewing

Question 13

Herbivore’s-Function of pre-molars

Answer 13

Thoroughly grind plant food and mix with large amounts of saliva

Question 14

Herbivore’s-Jaw movement

Answer 14

Movement is up and down and side to side

Question 15

Herbivore’s-Eye position

Answer 15

eye positioned at the side for wider angle of visual field to see approaching predators

Question 16

What is a birds beak made of

Answer 16

bone, keratin and blood vessels

Question 17

What is mechanical digestion?

Answer 17

Where large pieces of food are ingested and physically broken down into smaller pieces

Question 18

What is chemical digestion?

Answer 18

Where larger molecules of food are broken down into smaller molecules by enzymes, acid and bile

Question 19

Carnivore-Function of incisors

Answer 19

allowing for gnawing at bones

Question 20

Carnivore-Function of canines

Answer 20

enable the carnivore to rip meat

Question 21

Carnivore-Function of the carnassial

Answer 21

Allow shearing of meat, more effective than tearing

Question 22

Carnivore-Function of molars

Answer 22

used for cracking of bones

Question 23

Carnivore-Function of jaw muscles

Answer 23

Strong musculature to hold on to struggling prey. Jaw movement up and down only

Question 24

Carnivore-Eye position

Answer 24

Forward facing eyes to allow for depth of vision

Question 25

What is peristalsis

Answer 25

Movement of the oesophagus and intestines

Question 26

What are the two main functions of the rumen?

Answer 26

storage and is the site of fermentation

Question 27

What is contained in the rumen chamber

Answer 27

feed, a lot of saliva, which provides the correct conditions for a healthy gut

Question 28

The rumen-What is the role of the microbes during the fermentation process

Answer 28

Microbes break down plant cellulose cell walls

Question 29

What is the relationship between the rumen and reticulum

Answer 29

the rumen and reticulum aren't separate so lighter material goes back into the rumen but heavier material goes into the next chamber, the reticulum

Question 30

The rumen-What are papillae and their function

Answer 30

Small projections lining the inside of the rumen increasing the surface area for high rates

Question 31

Describe the structure of the reticulum

Answer 31

small pouch lined with honeycomb. The walls of the reticulum are particularly muscular and thick, and can trap heavy foreign objects before they travel further down the tract

Question 32

What is the function of the reticulum

Answer 32

collects smaller pieces of feed from the rumen. When the feed is too big, the reticulum contracts and regurgitates the larger feed into the rumen and back up the oesophagus as cud

Question 33

Describe the structure of the omasum

Answer 33

Ball shaped and lined with leaves of tissue, like pages in a book

Question 34

What are the functions of the omasum

Answer 34

Absorb water and some nutrients and salts

Question 35

Why is increasing surface area important in relation to digestion system

Answer 35

Increased surface area improves nutrient (energy) and water absorption

Question 36

What is the main function of the small intestine

Answer 36

absorbs all major nutrients

Question 37

How does the small intestines structure help in it's function

Answer 37

has small finger-like projections called villi, which increases surface area for maximum absorption

Question 38

What is the major function of the large intestine

Answer 38

-absorb water from intestine contents -some microbes will draw out any remaining nutrients -Remaining material is stored in the rectum until it's passed out as faeces

Question 39

What is the function of the gallbladder

Answer 39

store and concentrate bile, a yellow -brown digestive fluid produced by the liver

Question 40

Role of the pancreas in relation to digestion

Answer 40

contains lots of different enzymes: -Trypsin -Amylase -Lipase -NaHCo3

Question 41

Enzymes-Function of trypsin

Answer 41

Breaks down short peptides into amino acids

Question 42

Enzymes-Function of amylase

Answer 42

Breaks down starch into glucose

Question 43

Enzymes-Function of lipose

Answer 43

Breaks down lipids into fatty acids

Question 44

Enzymes-Function of NaHCo3

Answer 44

Neutralizes acid

Question 45

Digestive disorders-Ingestion of foreign bodies

Answer 45

-can cause obstructions in the digestive system -Some foreign bodies such as nails or tools can puncture the digestive system walls, leading to infection and death

Question 46

Digestive disorders-what is Diarrhoea is caused by

Answer 46

-Unsuitable amounts of food -contaminated foods -Unsuitable food types -stress -Pathogens

Question 47

Digestive disorders-Ruminant bloat

Answer 47

-most common in cattle -caused by a build up of gas in the rumen and can be fatal

Question 48

Digestive disorders-Frothy bloat

Answer 48

caused by foam in the rumen trapping the gas: more common in animals fed high on protein, low roughage diet

Question 49

Digestive disorders-free-gas bloat

Answer 49

caused by obstructions in the oesophagus