Differential Diagnosis Unit 4 Flashcards
What are the S/S of Cardiovascular Disease?
- Chest pain
- Palpitation
- Dyspnea
- Syncope
- Fatigue
- Cough
- Cyanosis
- Edema/Claudication (Leg pain)
- Pain/Discomfort
- Abnormal vital signs
What are different Cardiac Diseases that affect the Heart Muscles?
- Coronary Artery Disease
- Myocardial Infart
- Pericarditis
- Congestive heart failure
- Aneurysms
What are different Cardiac Diseases that affect the Heart Valves?
- Rheumatic Fever
- Endocarditis
- Mitral Valve Prolapse
- Congenital Deformities
What are different Cardiac Diseases that affect the Cardiac Nervous System?
- Arrhythmias
- Tachycardia
- Bradycardia
What is the Pathophysiology of the Heart?
- Hyperlipidemia
- Coronary Artery Disease
- Angina
- Myocardial Infarction
- Pericarditis
- Congestive Heart Failure
- Aneurysm
What is Hyperlipidemia?
- Elevated serum total cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia)
- Elevated low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
- Elevated triglycerides (hypertriglyceridemia)
- Decreased high-density lipoproteins
These abnormalities are the primary risk factors for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CAD)
What can cause Coronary Heart Disease?
Atherosclerosis: This is a disease process of hardening of the arteries making plaque. It is a progressive process that may begin in childhood. It can occur in any artery in the body, but it is most common in medium- sized arteries such as those of the heart, brain, kidneys, and legs.
Thrombus: A clot (thrombus) form on the plaque
Spasm: Sudden constriction of a coronary artery because the blood flow to that part of the heart is cut off or decreased
plaque, is made up of fats, calcium, and fibrous scar tissue and lines the usually supple arterial walls, progressively narrowing the arteries
What are the Modifiable Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease?
- Physical Inactivity
- Tobacco smoking
- Elevated serum
- Cholesterol
- High BP
- Diabetes
- Obesity
What are the Non-Modifiable Risk-Factors for Coronary Artery Disease?
- Advancing age (65 years or older)
- Male Gender
- Family hx
- Race
- Postmenopausal (female)
Wha are contributing factors for Coronary Artery Disease?
- Response to stress
- Personality
- Peripheral Vascular Disease
- Hormonal Status
- Alcohol consumption
- Obesity
What is Angina?
- Acute pain in the chest, called Angina Pectoris, results from the imbalance between cardiac workload and oxygen supply to myocardial tissue.
- Angina is a symptom of obstructed or decreased blood supply to the heart muscle primarily from atherosclerosis
What is the Pain Pattern with Angina? How is pain typically described?
- Pain pattern is usually projected to the left shoulder and arm over the distribution of the ulnar nerve
- Pain is usually mild or moderate. Rarely is the pain described as severe
What is Myocardial Infarction (MI)?
Also known as, Heart Attack, coronary occlusion is the development of ischemia and necrosis of myocardial tissue. It results from a sudden decrease in coronary perfusion or an increase in myocardial oxygen demand without adequate blood supply
What are the Clinical S/S of MI in women?
These were the ones highlighted, theres more
- Weakness and lethargy (unusual fatigue, that may interfere with ADLs)
- Indigestion, heartburn, or stomach pain; may be mistakenly diagnosed or assumed to have GERD
- Isolated, continuous midthoracic or interscapular back pain
- Symptoms may be relieved by antacids
What is Pericarditis?
This is inflammation of the pericardium, the sac-like covering of the heart.
- Specifically, it affects the parietal pericardium, (the fluid like membrane between the fibrous pericardium and the epicardium) and the visceral pericardium
What is Congestive Heart Failure/Heart Failure?
- Also called Cardiac decompensation and Cardiac Insufficiency
- The physiological state in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body (determined as O2 consumption) at rest or during exercise, even though filling pressures are adequate
What are the Clinical S/S of Left Ventricular Failure
What are the Clinical S/S of Right Ventricular Failure?
What is an Aneurysm?
An abnormal dilation (commonly a sac-like) formation in the wall of the artery, vein, or the heart. Aneurysms occur when the vessel or heart wall becomes weakened by trauma, congenita vascular disease, infection, or atherosclerosis
What is an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm?
- When there is a palpable, pulsating mass (in the abdomen space)
- When there is an abdominal “heartbeat” felt by the client when lying down
- There is typically a dull ache in the mid-abdominal left flank or low back
- There could be hip, groin, scrotal (men), buttock, and/or leg pain (posterior thigh)
Where are most Aortic Aneurysms located?
Where are Peripheral Aneurysms located and what can they cause?
The most common site for peripheral arterial aneurysms is the popliteal space in the LE.
- Popliteal aneurysms cause ischemic symptoms in the lower limbs and an easily palpable pulse of larger amplitude. An enlarged area behind the knee may be present, seldom with discomfort
What is Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?
This occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain has been temporarily disrupted. These ischemic episodes last from 5 to 20 min, although they may last as long as 24 hours
- Considered by some as a progression of cerebrovascular disease and may be referred to as “ministrokes”
What is Orthostatic Hypotension?
An excessive fall in BP of 15mmHG or more in systolic BP or a drop of at least 7mmHG or more of diastolic BP on assumption of an erect position (within 3 minutes of standing from a sitting or supine position)
- Orthostatic Hypotension is not a disease but a manifestation of abnormalities in normal BP regulation
