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Term 3 > Movement Science 2 Unit 6 Balance > Flashcards

Movement Science 2 Unit 6 Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What is Equilibrium?

A

A state of zero acceleration where there is no change in speed or direction of the body

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2
Q

What is Balance?

A

The ability to control equilibrium (Either static or dynamic)

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3
Q

What is Stability?

A

The resistance to a change in the body’s acceleration or the resistance to a disturbance of the body’s equilibrium

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4
Q

What are the 3 most important factors for achieving balance?

A
  • A person has balance when the COG falls within the BOS (The upright posture is only stable when the line of gravity lies within the foot base)
  • A person has balance in direct proportion to the size of the BOS (The larger the BOS, the more balance)
  • A person has balance depending on mass (The greater the mass, the more balance)
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5
Q

What is Base of Support?

A

The supporting area underneath the body, it includes the points of contact with the supporting surface and the area between them

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6
Q

With BOS, what is High Stability (Low Mobility)?

A

This is characterized by a large BOS, a low COG, a centralized COG projection within the BOS, a large body mass, and a high friction at the ground surface

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7
Q

With BOS, what is Low Stability (High Mobility)?

A

This is characterized by a small BOS, a high COG, a COG projection near the edge of the BOS, a small body mass, and low friction

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8
Q

What is Center of Mass?

A

The unique point where the body’s mass is equally distributed in all directions, may also be referred to as the center of gravity.

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9
Q

What are the 3 Balance Components?

A
  • Vestibular
  • Proprioceptive (Somatosensory)
  • Visual
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10
Q

With balance what is Vestibular Input?

A

The ear has a labyrinthine structure that has balance receptors that detect movements of different types. There are receptors for head rotation, horizontal acceleration and vertical acceleration.

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11
Q

With balance what is Proprioceptive Input?

A

This is the sense through which we perceive the position or movement of our body.
- In order to perform balance skills a person must know their position in space, which is called Kinesthetic awareness, as well a possess quick reactions, coordination, agility, and flexibility

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12
Q

What is the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex?

A

This is one of the fastest and most active reflexes in the human body. It uses head movements detected by the inner ear to generate compensatory eye movements that are equal - but in opposite direction - to head motions
- This ongoing adjustment of eye position results in a stable visual field, despite significant movement of the head

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13
Q

What type of balance is BOS?

A

Static: Fixed
Semi-Dynamic: Fixed
Dynamic: Moving

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14
Q

What type of balance is Surface?

A

Static: Stable
Semi-Dynamic: Unstable
Dynamic: Stable

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15
Q

What is Ankle Strategy? When is this used?

A
  • Used when perturbation is:
    –Slow
    –Low Amplitude
  • Contact surface is firm, wide and longer than foot
  • Muscles recruited are distal to proximal
  • Head movements in-phase with hips
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16
Q

What is Hip Strategy? When is this used?

A
  • Used when perturbation is fast or large amplitude
  • Surface is unstable or shorter than feet
  • Muscles recruited are proximal to distal
  • Head movement out-of-phase with hips
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17
Q

What is Stepping Strategy?

A
  • This is used to prevent a fall
  • Used when perturbations are fast or large amplitudes or when other strategies fail
  • BOS moves to “catch up with” BOS
18
Q

What factors affect balance?

A
  • Posture
  • Disease
  • Meds
  • De-conditioned state
  • Disuse, injury, or surgery
  • Fatigue
19
Q

How does Posture affect balance?

A
  • Posture affects balance, strength, and coordination
  • Postural equilibrium is crucial to balance
20
Q

How can injury/surgery affect balance?

A
  • If there is a ligament injury, it may affect the joint proprioceptors and this will result in joint deafferentation (decreased input to afferent pathways), and this has a chance of reinjury

Ankle is the most frequently injured

20
Q

How does deconditioning affect balance?

A

Neuroplasticity

  • Use it or lose it
    If not actively practiced it will slowly go away
20
Q

How do you restore balance?

A

Balance is functional and is a skill
- To restore you have to work on integrated, coordinated, efficient, multidirectional movement and proprioception

21
Q

How does Disease affect balance?

A
  • May cause vision, sensation or neurological changes
21
Q

How can fatigue affect balance?

A
  • Muscular fatigue worsens or impairs joint position sense
  • May also affect neuromuscular control of joint
22
Q

How can CKC exercises help with balance?
What would happen if there is damage to the Mechanoreceptors?

A

LEs function primarily in CKC

Closed Kinetic Chain activities increase load to the joints stimulates mechanoreceptors and encourages functional muscle co-contraction

  • Damage to mechanoreceptors will affect proprioception
23
Q

Why is Proprioception and Balance Rehab. important?

A
  • Proprioception is the center of performance and function
  • Quick and coordinated muscle response helps to protect joint form injuries
  • This works on static and dynamic (Kinesthesia) position sense
24
Q

How do patients get balance back?

A
  • Posture (Visual, Vestibular, and proprioceptive inputs)
  • Core strength and stability (base strength before extremity strength, proximal stability before distal mobility)
  • Stimulation of mechanoreceptors (weight bearing, oscillations, isometrics)
  • Kinesthesia (Pertinent in orthopedic patients, pertinent in neurological patients)
  • Strength and endurance (Isolate, functional, SAID, overload)
  • Muscle balance (Length-tension relationship, force coupled)
  • Neuromuscular system exercise (reflex, reaction time)
25
Q

If a patient is doing a balance exercise, his balance will depend on…?

A
  • Configuration of BOS
  • COG alignment over the BOS
  • Speed of postural movement
  • Ability to maintain a position
  • Ability to voluntary move
  • Ability to react to perturbation
26
Q

How do we progress the type of balance training with a patient?

A

We go from Static to Semi-Dynamic to Dynamic

27
Q

How do we progress the body weight with balance training?

A

We start Sitting then to Standing then to Weight shifts

28
Q

How do we progress the BOS with balance training?

A

First we start with the patient in Bilateral BOS then Unilateral BOS

29
Q

With balance training, how do we progress vision?

A

Firstly the patient will have their eyes Open, then progress to eyes close

30
Q

With balance training, how do we progress the surface that the patient is training on?

A

Firstly we’ll start on a stable and firm surface then to an unstable and soft surface (Airex Pad)

31
Q

With balance training, how do we progress counterbalance?

A

At first the patient will have a counterbalance then progress to no counterbalance

32
Q

With balance training, how do we progress when the patient will wear shoes?

A

At first the patient will have shoes on, then progress to shoes off

33
Q

With balance training, how do we progress External Stimuli?

A

At first we would not add perturbations then progress to add perturbations

34
Q

With balance training, how do we progress Dual Task?

A

At first we will isolate an exercise/movement then progress to add a cognitive challenge

35
Q

With balance training, how do we progress speed?

A

At first we will start with slow speed movement then progress to fast speed

36
Q

With balance training, how do we progress force?

A

At first we start with low force then progress to hight force

37
Q

With balance training, how do we progress control?

A

At first we start with controlled movement/exercise then progress to uncontrolled

38
Q

Does the patient need to be in full weight bearing in order to begin Proprioceptive training?

A

No they do not need to be in full weight bearing, but they should have adequate strength, flexibility, and ROM

39
Q

What is required for Dual Task Activity for Balance? What is this type of training specific for?

A
  • This requires attention
  • Specific to activity or sport

Term 3 (44 decks)

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