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Term 3 > Pharmacology Unit 11 Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Drugs > Flashcards

Pharmacology Unit 11 Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main categories of drugs used for respiratory conditions?

A

Antitussives, Decongestants, Antihistamines, Mucolytics, Expectorants

These categories address various symptoms and conditions related to respiratory health.

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2
Q

What is the primary role of bronchodilators in obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

To relieve acute bronchospasm

Bronchodilators are essential in managing symptoms of obstructive pulmonary diseases such as asthma and COPD.

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3
Q

What type of agonists are bronchodilators classified as?

A

Beta-Agonists = sympathomimetic

Sympathomimetics mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, aiding in bronchodilation.

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4
Q

How do beta-selective agents compare to non-selective forms in terms of side effects?

A

They have fewer cardiac side effects

This is particularly important for patients with heart conditions.

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5
Q

What are the two administration routes for bronchodilators and their effects?

A

Inhaled: rapid with little systemic toxicity; Oral: longer duration but side effects

Common side effects of oral administration include tachycardia and tremor.

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action for bronchodilators?

A

Induce smooth muscle relaxation and thus bronchodilation

This mechanism helps open the airways, improving airflow.

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7
Q

What are the three types of beta-agonist bronchodilators?

A

Nonselective adrenergic, Nonselective beta-adrenergic, Selective beta2 drugs

Each type has different effects and usage depending on the condition being treated.

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8
Q

What are Xanthine Derivatives?

A

Plant alkaloids including caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline.

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9
Q

Which drugs were considered the drugs of choice for bronchoconstriction 20 years ago?

A

Theophylline and aminophylline.

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10
Q

What is a common brand name for theophylline?

A

Theo-Dur.

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11
Q

What is a common brand name for aminophylline?

A

Somophyllin.

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12
Q

What is a significant safety concern regarding theophylline?

A

It has a narrow safety margin.

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13
Q

What are some side effects of theophylline?

A

Nausea, vomiting, and CNS stimulation.

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14
Q

What is an Anticholinergic Drug?

A

A drug that blocks the parasympathetic nervous system

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15
Q

What effects do anticholinergic drugs produce?

A

Similar effects to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

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16
Q

What physiological effect do anticholinergic drugs cause?

A

Bronchodilation

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17
Q

Name two examples of anticholinergic drugs used for bronchospasm relief.

A
  • Ipratropium
  • Tiotropium
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18
Q

What is a notable characteristic of anticholinergic drugs regarding side effects?

A

They have few side effects

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19
Q

What are inhaled glucocorticoids used for?

A

Long term prevention of asthmatic attacks

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20
Q

What are oral glucocorticoids used for?

A

Short term management of asthma

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21
Q

What are the most effective drugs for the prevention of acute asthmatic episodes?

A

Glucocorticoids

22
Q

What may some clients be prescribed alongside glucocorticoids?

A

Beta-adrenergic agonist

23
Q

What can happen if oral glucocorticoids are taken longer than 10 days?

A

Significant adverse effects can occur

24
Q

Name three significant adverse effects of long-term oral glucocorticoid use.

A
  • Adrenal gland suppression
  • Peptic ulcer
  • Hyperglycemia
25
Q

What is one mechanism of action of glucocorticoids?

A

Stabilize membranes of cells that release harmful bronchoconstricting substances

26
Q

Which cells do glucocorticoids stabilize to prevent bronchoconstriction?

A

Leukocytes or white blood cells

27
Q

What do glucocorticoids increase in bronchial smooth muscle?

A

Responsiveness to beta-adrenergic stimulation

28
Q

What are glucocorticoids?

A

A class of steroid hormones involved in the regulation of various physiological processes.

29
Q

What are the specific routes of administration for glucocorticoids?

A

IV and inhalation.

30
Q

What are the adverse effects of prolonged administration of glucocorticoids?

A

Catabolic to bone, skin, tendons, muscle wasting.

31
Q

List some potential systemic effects of glucocorticoids.

A
  • Retardation of growth in children
  • Cataracts
  • Glaucoma
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Aggravation of diabetes mellitus
  • Hypertension
32
Q

What is the function of Cromolyn sodium?

A

Prevents bronchospasm in asthma by inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators

Inflammatory mediators include histamine and leukotrienes.

33
Q

What do leukotriene inhibitors do?

A

Selectively decrease the effects or synthesis of leukotrienes through inhibition of lipoxygenase enzyme

34
Q

What are leukotrienes?

A

Inflammatory compounds that are especially important in mediating airway inflammation

35
Q

What are antacids used for?

A

Chemically neutralize stomach acids

Antacids help alleviate symptoms of acid-related conditions such as heartburn and indigestion.

36
Q

Name the primary classifications of antacids.

A
  • Aluminum-containing
  • Magnesium-containing
  • Calcium carbonate-containing
  • Sodium bicarbonate-containing
  • A combination of any of these classifications

Each classification has different properties and side effects.

37
Q

What is the most common side effect associated with aluminum-containing antacids?

A

Constipation

This side effect is due to the aluminum component in the antacids.

38
Q

What side effect is often associated with magnesium-containing antacids?

A

Diarrhea

Magnesium can have a laxative effect, leading to this side effect.

39
Q

What do H2 blockers do?

A

Prevent the histamine-activated release of gastric acid

H2 blockers target H2 receptors located on stomach parietal cells.

40
Q

What conditions are H2 blockers commonly used to treat?

A
  • Dyspepsia
  • Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)

These medications help reduce symptoms associated with excess stomach acid.

41
Q

List some common adverse effects of H2 blockers.

A
  • Headache
  • Dizziness
  • GI problems

These side effects can vary in severity among different individuals.

42
Q

What is the mechanism of action for proton pump inhibitors?

A

Inhibit the H+, K+-ATPase enzyme responsible for secreting acid from gastric parietal cells

This action significantly reduces gastric acid production.

43
Q

What type of bacterium is Helicobacter pylori?

A

Gram-negative bacterium

44
Q

Where is H. pylori often present in individuals with gastric ulcer disease?

A

Upper gastrointestinal tract

45
Q

What are the main treatment options for H. pylori infection in gastric ulcer disease?

A

Antibacterials, PPI, bismuth or a combination

46
Q

List other agents used to control and treat gastric ulcers.

A
  • Anticholinergics
  • Dopamine Receptor Agonist
  • Prostaglandins
47
Q

What are the main types of laxatives?

A

Bulk forming, Stimulant, Hyperosmotic, Lubricants and stool softeners

48
Q

What type of drug is used to aid digestion?

A

Digestants

49
Q

What is the purpose of emetics?

A

To induce vomiting

50
Q

What is the role of antiemetics?

A

To prevent or reduce nausea and vomiting

51
Q

What type of agents are cholelitholytic agents?

A

Agents that dissolve gallstones

Term 3 (50 decks)

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