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IB Biology HL > D4 Heart > Flashcards

D4 Heart Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe cardiac muscles

A

Branched (to allow faster signal propagation)
Contract in 3D
Not fused but connected by inercalated discs
Mitochondria rich

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2
Q

How does cardiac muscle avoid fatigue?

A

Longer periods of contraction and refraction

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3
Q

How does the heart muscle cells ensure the atria and ventricles contract separately?

A

Interconnected networks separated between them allowing each set of chambers to contract independently
Separated by fibrous cardiac fibres

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4
Q

What triggers the atrial contraction?

A

SA node sends out a signal

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5
Q

How does atrial systole occur?

A

Signal sent from the SA node propagates through the intercalated discs and the cardiac muscles contract simultaneously

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6
Q

What creates the delay between the two contractions?

A

AV node takes longer to propagate the signal than the SA node

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7
Q

How does ventricular contraction occur?

A

AV node sends a signal down the septum to the Bundle of His which innervated the Purkinje fibres in the ventricular wall causing contractions

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8
Q

Where does the ventricular contraction begin?

A

From the bottom up to push blood towards the arteries

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9
Q

What is the Bundle of His?

A

Bundle of cardiomyocytes

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10
Q

What causes the Lubb?

A

AV valves shutting after atrial systole

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11
Q

What causes the Dupp?

A

Semilunar valves shutting after the ventricular systole

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12
Q

What is an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

A

A map of the electrical activity of the heart with each contraction

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13
Q

Describe the P wave of an ECG

A

Small initial wave

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14
Q

What occurs in the P wave (ECG)?

A

Depolarisation of the atria in response to signalling from the SA node

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15
Q

Describe the QRS complex on an ECG

A

A large spike and fall

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16
Q

What occurs during the QRS complex (ECG)?

A

Depolarisation of the ventricles triggered by the AV node

17
Q

Describe the T wave on an ECG

A

Small wave (similar to the P wave)

18
Q

What occurs during the T wave?

A

Repolarisation of the ventricles

19
Q

What is the order of sections on an ECG?

A

P wave
PR interval
QRS complex
ST segment
T wave

20
Q

Equation for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output (CO) = Heart rate (HR) x Stroke volume (SV)

21
Q

Describe hypertension

A

Abnormally high blood pressure

22
Q

What can be used to help bradycardia or arrhythmias?

A

Artificial pacemaker

IB Biology HL (35 decks)

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