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IB Biology HL > 2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids > Flashcards

2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

The recurring monomer of carbohydrates

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2
Q

How are monosaccharides joined?

A

They are formed in condensation reactions and joined via glycosidic linkages

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3
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

2 monosaccharide monomers joined

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4
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Many monosaccharide monomers joined/ carbohydrate

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5
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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6
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose

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7
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Cellulose
Glycogen
Starch

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8
Q

Describe a cellulose polysaccharide

A

A long chain made of β-D-glucose subunits (in a 1-4 arrangement)

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9
Q

Describe a starch polysaccharide

A

A ling chain of α-D-glucose subunits (in a 1-4 arrangement)
It can be in 2 forms:
- Amylose
- Amylopectin

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10
Q

Describe Amylose

A

Linear (helical) molecule

It takes up little space and is hard to digest and less soluble than amylopectin making it good for storage in plants

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11
Q

Describe Amylopectin

A 
Branched structures (produced by additional 1-6 linkages)
Easier to digest and more soluble than amylose
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12
Q

Describe a glycogen polysaccharide

A

It is composed of α-glucose subunits linked together by both 1-4 linkages and 1-6 linkages (branching)
(Similar to amylopectin but more branched)

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13
Q

Define saturated fatty acid

A

A fatty acid with no double binds

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14
Q

Describe the structure of saturated fatty acids and their state

A

Linear

Typically solids at room temp

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15
Q

Define unsaturated fatty acid

A

A fatty acid with double binds

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16
Q

Describe the structure of unsaturated fatty acids and their state

A

Bent

Typically liquid at room temp

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17
Q

Define monounsaturated

A

Has 1 double bond

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18
Q

Define polyunsaturated

A

Has more than one (multiple) double bonds

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19
Q

Define a cis unsaturated fatty acid

A

The hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon double bond are on the same side

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20
Q

Define a trans unsaturated fatty acid

A

The hydrogen atoms attached to the double bonds are on different sides

21
Q

How do trans unsaturated fatty acids differ in structure?

A

Generally linear and solid at room temperature (despite being unsaturated)

22
Q

How does the typical storage of triglycerides vary from animals to plants?

A

Plants typically store them as oils

Animals typically store them as solids

23
Q

Describe the production of triglycerides

A

A condensation reaction occurs between 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
The hydroxyl group on the glycerol forms an ester linkage with the carboxyl groups on fatty acids

24
Q

How many water molecules are produced in the synthesis of triglycerides

A

3

25
Q

What types of fats increase blood cholesterol levels?

A

Saturated fats and trans unsaturated fats

26
Q

What types of fats decrease blood cholesterol levels?

A

Cis unsaturated fats

27
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

Fats and cholesterol packaged with protein for transport (as they are insoluble)

28
Q

Define LDL cholesterol

A

Low density lipoproteins

carry cholesterol from the liver to the rest of the body

29
Q

Define HDL cholesterol

A

High density lipoproteins scavenge excess cholesterol and carry it back to the liver for disposal

30
Q

Which cholesterol is good/bad?

A

LDL is “bad”

HDL is “good”

31
Q

What effect do saturated fats have on cholesterol?

A 
Increase LDL
(raise cholesterol levels)
32
Q

What effect do trans fats have on cholesterol?

A

Increase LDL AND decreases HDL

substantially raise cholesterol levels

33
Q

What effect do unsaturated fats have on cholesterol?

A

Increase HDL

lower cholesterol levels

34
Q

What is the disease where cholesterol levels lead to the hardening and narrowing of arteries?

A

Atherosclerosis

35
Q

What causes atherosclerosis

A

Excess cholesterol being deposited in arterial walls, accumulating and leading to plaque

36
Q

What is CHD

A

Coronary Heart Disease is when the coronary arteries become blocked, this can cause heart attacks and strokes

37
Q

In which 5 ways do lipids and carbohydrates differ?

A 
Storage
Osmolarity
Digestion
ATP Yield
Solubility
38
Q

Which is better for long term energy storage? Carbohydrates or Lipids?

A

Lipids

39
Q

Which is better for short term energy storage? Carbohydrates or Lipids?

A

Carbohydrate

40
Q

Which has greater osmolarity? Carbohydrates or Lipids?

A

Carbohydrate

41
Q

Which is more easily digested? Carbohydrates or Lipids?

A

Carbohydrate

42
Q

For which type of respiration can carbohydrates be used?

A

Aerobic or anaerobic

43
Q

For which type of respiration can lipids be used?

A

Aerobic

44
Q

How does the ATP differ between carbohydrates and lipids?

A

Carbohydrates have half the ATP yield

45
Q

What is the solubility of carbohydrates?

A

Water soluble as monomers/ dimers

46
Q

What is the solubility of lipids?

A

Not water soluble - hard to transport

47
Q

BMI formula

A

(mass in kg)/(height in m^2)

48
Q

What is a normal BMI range for an adult?

A

18.5 - 24.9

49
Q

What is a nomogram

A

A graph which displays height and weight on perpendicular axis and has colour coded regions

IB Biology HL (35 decks)

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