2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards
What are monosaccharides?
The recurring monomer of carbohydrates
How are monosaccharides joined?
They are formed in condensation reactions and joined via glycosidic linkages
What is a disaccharide?
2 monosaccharide monomers joined
What is a polysaccharide?
Many monosaccharide monomers joined/ carbohydrate
Examples of monosaccharides
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Examples of disaccharides
Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose
Examples of polysaccharides
Cellulose
Glycogen
Starch
Describe a cellulose polysaccharide
A long chain made of β-D-glucose subunits (in a 1-4 arrangement)
Describe a starch polysaccharide
A ling chain of α-D-glucose subunits (in a 1-4 arrangement)
It can be in 2 forms:
- Amylose
- Amylopectin
Describe Amylose
Linear (helical) molecule
It takes up little space and is hard to digest and less soluble than amylopectin making it good for storage in plants
Describe Amylopectin
Branched structures (produced by additional 1-6 linkages) Easier to digest and more soluble than amylose
Describe a glycogen polysaccharide
It is composed of α-glucose subunits linked together by both 1-4 linkages and 1-6 linkages (branching)
(Similar to amylopectin but more branched)
Define saturated fatty acid
A fatty acid with no double binds
Describe the structure of saturated fatty acids and their state
Linear
Typically solids at room temp
Define unsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid with double binds
Describe the structure of unsaturated fatty acids and their state
Bent
Typically liquid at room temp
Define monounsaturated
Has 1 double bond
Define polyunsaturated
Has more than one (multiple) double bonds
Define a cis unsaturated fatty acid
The hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon double bond are on the same side
Define a trans unsaturated fatty acid
The hydrogen atoms attached to the double bonds are on different sides
How do trans unsaturated fatty acids differ in structure?
Generally linear and solid at room temperature (despite being unsaturated)
How does the typical storage of triglycerides vary from animals to plants?
Plants typically store them as oils
Animals typically store them as solids
Describe the production of triglycerides
A condensation reaction occurs between 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
The hydroxyl group on the glycerol forms an ester linkage with the carboxyl groups on fatty acids
How many water molecules are produced in the synthesis of triglycerides
3
What types of fats increase blood cholesterol levels?
Saturated fats and trans unsaturated fats
What types of fats decrease blood cholesterol levels?
Cis unsaturated fats
What are lipoproteins?
Fats and cholesterol packaged with protein for transport (as they are insoluble)
Define LDL cholesterol
Low density lipoproteins
carry cholesterol from the liver to the rest of the body
Define HDL cholesterol
High density lipoproteins scavenge excess cholesterol and carry it back to the liver for disposal
Which cholesterol is good/bad?
LDL is “bad”
HDL is “good”
What effect do saturated fats have on cholesterol?
Increase LDL (raise cholesterol levels)
What effect do trans fats have on cholesterol?
Increase LDL AND decreases HDL
substantially raise cholesterol levels
What effect do unsaturated fats have on cholesterol?
Increase HDL
lower cholesterol levels
What is the disease where cholesterol levels lead to the hardening and narrowing of arteries?
Atherosclerosis
What causes atherosclerosis
Excess cholesterol being deposited in arterial walls, accumulating and leading to plaque
What is CHD
Coronary Heart Disease is when the coronary arteries become blocked, this can cause heart attacks and strokes
In which 5 ways do lipids and carbohydrates differ?
Storage Osmolarity Digestion ATP Yield Solubility
Which is better for long term energy storage? Carbohydrates or Lipids?
Lipids
Which is better for short term energy storage? Carbohydrates or Lipids?
Carbohydrate
Which has greater osmolarity? Carbohydrates or Lipids?
Carbohydrate
Which is more easily digested? Carbohydrates or Lipids?
Carbohydrate
For which type of respiration can carbohydrates be used?
Aerobic or anaerobic
For which type of respiration can lipids be used?
Aerobic
How does the ATP differ between carbohydrates and lipids?
Carbohydrates have half the ATP yield
What is the solubility of carbohydrates?
Water soluble as monomers/ dimers
What is the solubility of lipids?
Not water soluble - hard to transport
BMI formula
(mass in kg)/(height in m^2)
What is a normal BMI range for an adult?
18.5 - 24.9
What is a nomogram
A graph which displays height and weight on perpendicular axis and has colour coded regions
