11.1 Antibodies production (HL)

Question 1

Define epitopes

Answer 1

Part of the antigen that is exposed

Question 2

Hoe does the body distinguish between self and non-self?

Answer 2

Specific surface molecules that all nucleated body cells posses (MHC class 1)

Question 3

What is an antigen?

Answer 3

Any substance that is recognised as foreign and capable of triggering an immune response

Question 4

Why may the body attack it’s own blood cells?

Answer 4

They do not have a nucleus and thus have no self markers (this is why blood type matters as your body may or may not react against the A or B antigens)

Question 5

What is a pathogen?

Answer 5

Agent that causes disease

Question 6

What is an illness?

Answer 6

Deterioration in normal state of health of an organism

Question 7

What is a disease?

Answer 7

A condition that disturbs the normal functioning of the body

Question 8

What is zoonoses?

Answer 8

Zoonotic transfer of disease to humans

Question 9

What are the 5 ways disease can be transmitted?

Answer 9

Direct contact
Exchange if fluids
Contamination
Airborne
Vector

Question 10

What are dendritic cells

Answer 10

The name given to macrophages which present antigenic fragments to specific lymphocytes?

Question 11

What are the 5 functions of antibodies?

Answer 11

Precipitation (make soluble antigens insoluble)
Agglutination (clumping)
Neutralisation (eg. mask toxins)
Inflammation (trigger histamine release to increase immune mobility)
Complement (perforate the cell membrane)
(PANIC)

Question 12

What is an allergen?

Answer 12

Environmental substance that triggers an immune response

Question 13

What is the name of a severe allergic reaction?

Answer 13

Anaphylaxis

Question 14

How does the body react to an allergen?

Answer 14

First encounter: Specific B cell encounters the allergen and differentiates into large quantities of antibody which attach to mast cells
Allergic reaction: Allergen binds to mast cell and histamine is released from the mast cell

Question 15

What is the effect of histamine?

Answer 15

Vasodilation (inflammation)

Question 16

What components are found in a vaccine?

Answer 16

Adjuvant (promotes immune response)
Antigenic determinant

Question 17

Define herd immunity

Answer 17

When individuals who are not immune to a pathogen are protected from exposure by large amounts of immune individuals within a community

Question 18

Define herd immunity

Answer 18

When individuals who are not immune to a pathogen are protected from exposure by large amounts of immune individuals within a community

Question 19

What are the steps in the production of monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 19

Infect a mouse
Remove spleen and bind antibody producing B cells to tumour cells to produce a hybridoma which produces monoclonal antibodies

Question 20

Where might monoclonal antibodies be found?

Answer 20

hCG test for pregnancy