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IB Biology HL > 11.2 Movement (HL) > Flashcards

11.2 Movement (HL) Flashcards

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1
Q

Which 3 systems control motion?

A

Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous

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2
Q

Define ligaments

A

Connect bones to bones

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3
Q

Define tendons

A

Connect bones to muscles

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4
Q

What is the function of the joint capsule?

A

Seals the joint space and provides stability

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5
Q

What are the 6 main types of joints?

A

Pivot
Saddle
Hinge
Ball and socket
Condyloid
Plane

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6
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

A single strand of muscle fibre

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7
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

The repeating unit on a myofibril

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8
Q

What are features of muscle fibre structure?

A

Multinucleate
Lots of mitochondria
Specialised ER (sarcoplasmic reticulum (with Ca2+ ions))
Contain tubular myofibrils
Continuous membrane surrounding the muscle fibre (sarcolemma) with T tubules

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9
Q

What are the two myofilaments in a sarcomere?

A

Myosin (thick)
Actin (thin)

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10
Q

What is the function of Z lines?

A

Hold the myofilaments in place and the end of the actin - myosin - actin complex

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11
Q

What is the A band?

A

The dark zone with myosin (and actin)

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12
Q

What is the I band?

A

The lighter zone with actin

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13
Q

What is the H zone?

A

The section with only myosin

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14
Q

What are the 4 steps to muscle contractions?

A
  1. Depolarisation and calcium ion release
  2. Actin and myosin cross-bridge formation
  3. Sliding mechanism of actin and myosin
  4. Sarcomere shortening
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15
Q

Describe depolarisation and calcium ion release as a step of a muscle contraction

A

Action potential from a motor neuron causes acetylcholine to be released into the synaptic cleft and spread down the sarcolemma and muscle via T tubules
Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+

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16
Q

Describe actin and myosin cross bridge formation and a step of a muscle contraction

A

On actin binding site for the myosin head are covered by troponin and tropomyosin which Ca2+ bind to exposing the active sites so the myosin heads can form cross-bridge

17
Q

Describe sliding mechanism of actin and myosin as a step of a muscle contraction

A

ATP binds to the myosin bridge breaking it then ATP hydrolysis causes the myosin head to move to the next site
This drags the myosin along

18
Q

Describe sarcomere shortening as a step of a muscle contraction

A

Z lines are pulled closer together

19
Q

Which two zones are decreased during a muscular contraction?

A

H zone and I band

IB Biology HL (35 decks)

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