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IB Biology HL > 5 Evolution > Flashcards

5 Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Define the fossil record

A

The totality of both discovered and undiscovered fossils

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2
Q

Define strata

A

Rock layers below ground that can tell us how long ago a certain fossil pertained to

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3
Q

Define pentadactyl

A

5 fingers

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4
Q

Define speciation

A

Diversity between geographically isolated populations until no viable, fertile offspring can be made between both populations

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5
Q

Give an example of evolution

A

Peppered moths after the industrial revolution in polluted areas were a darker grey colour instead of a light grey

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6
Q

What conditions are necessary for natural selection?

A

Inherited variation
Competition
Selection
Adaptations
Evolution

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7
Q

What occurs in crossing over?

A

Exchange of genetic material between non=sister chromatids

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8
Q

What 2 events lead to genetic variation during meiosis?

A

Crossing over P(I)
Independent assortment

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9
Q

Define the Malthusian dilemma

A

Linear increase in resources versus exponential increase in population

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10
Q

What are the 5 types of adaptations?

A

Developmental
Structural
Behavioural
Physiological
Biochemical

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11
Q

Define adaptive radiation

A

When the same species develop differently to fit different finches

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12
Q

Give an example of adaptive radiation

A

Finches on the Galapagos have different beaks for different food

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13
Q

What is antibiotic resistance an example of?

A

Evolution

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14
Q

How are organisms named?

A

Genus species
(Homo sapiens)

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15
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Eukarya
Eubacteria
Archaea

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16
Q

Define archaea

A

Extremophiles

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17
Q

Define eubacteria

A

Genus of Gram-positive bacteria
Includes prokaryotes such as pathogens

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18
Q

Define eukarya

A

Eukaryotic organisms

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19
Q

What is the hierarchy of taxa?

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
(Katy Perry Came Over For Grape Soda)

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of classifications?

A

Artificial, Natural and Phylogenetic

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21
Q

Define artificial classification

A

Characteristics are selected and then organisms are grouped based off this

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22
Q

Define natural classification

A

Organisms are grouped based on similarities and then characteristics which are shared are identified

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23
Q

Define phylogenetic classification

A

Grouping organisms based on similarities in their base sequences

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24
Q

Name the plant phyla

A

Bryophyta
Filicinophyta
Coniferophyta
Angiospermophyta

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25
Which plant phyla have no vascuralisation?
Bryophyta
26
Which plant phyla have leaves + stems
Filicinophyta Coniferophyta Angiospermophyta
27
How do bryophyta reproduce?
Spores
28
How do filicinophyta reproduce?
Spores
29
How do coniferophyta reproduce?
Seeds (cones)
30
How do angiospermophyta reproduce?
Seeds (flowers)
31
What is a distinct feature of bryophyta?
Anchored by rhizoids
32
What is a distinct feature of filicinophyta?
They have pinnate leaves
33
What is a distinct feature of coniferophyta?
They have woody stems
34
What is a distinct feature of angiospermophyta?
They have flowers
35
How can animalia be classified?
Vertebrates Invertebrates
36
In which phyla do vertebrates classify?
Chordata
37
What are the animalia phyla?
Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelmintha Annelida Mollusca Anthropoda Chordata
38
In which phyla do animals with no body symmetry classify?
Porifera
39
Do porifera have a mouth and anus?
No, they have pores to facilitate movement
40
What is distinct feature porifera may have?
May have silica or calcium carbonate based spicules for structural support
41
Which phyla do animalia with radial symmetry classify as?
Cnidaria
42
Do cniadria have a mouth and anus?
They have a mouth but no anus
43
What distinct feature cnidaria may have?
May have tentacles with stinging cells for capturing and disabling prey
44
Which phyla could animalia with bilateral symmetry have?
Platyhelmintha Annelida Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata
45
Do platyhelmintha have a mouth and anus?
Yes
46
Do annelida have a mouth and anus?
Yes
47
Do molusca have a mouth and anus?
Yes
48
Do arthropoda have a mouth and anus?
Yes
49
Do chordata have a mouth and anus?
Yes
50
What is a distinct feature platyhelmintha may have?
Flattened body to increase SA:Vol ratio and may be parasitic
51
What is a distinct feature annelida may have?
Body composed of ringed segments with specialisation of segments
52
What is a distinct feature mollusca may have?
Body composed of a visceral mass, a muscular foot and a mantle (may produce a shell)
53
What is a distinct feature arthropoda may have?
Joint body sections/ appendages and a hard exoskeleton (chitin)
54
What is a distinct feature chordata may have?
Have a notochord and a hollow, dorsal nerve tube for at least some period of their lives
55
What are the vertebrate classes?
Fish Amphibian Reptile Bird Mammal
56
Define monotremes
Egg laying mammals
57
Define cladistics
Organising animals in clades with common anncestory
58
Define a node in cladistics
Where two species deviate
59
Define an outgroup in cladistics
A species or group of species not a part o the clade
60
Define convergent evolution
Organisms with different traits but similar characteristics
61
Define homologous structures
Structures with the same ancestry but different functions (pentadactyl limbs)
62
Define analogous structures
Structures with similar functions but different ancestry (fins)

IB Biology HL (35 decks)

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