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IB Biology HL > 5 Evolution > Flashcards

5 Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the fossil record

A

The totality of both discovered and undiscovered fossils

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2
Q

Define strata

A

Rock layers below ground that can tell us how long ago a certain fossil pertained to

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3
Q

Define pentadactyl

A

5 fingers

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4
Q

Define speciation

A

Diversity between geographically isolated populations until no viable, fertile offspring can be made between both populations

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5
Q

Give an example of evolution

A

Peppered moths after the industrial revolution in polluted areas were a darker grey colour instead of a light grey

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6
Q

What conditions are necessary for natural selection?

A

Inherited variation
Competition
Selection
Adaptations
Evolution

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7
Q

What occurs in crossing over?

A

Exchange of genetic material between non=sister chromatids

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8
Q

What 2 events lead to genetic variation during meiosis?

A

Crossing over P(I)
Independent assortment

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9
Q

Define the Malthusian dilemma

A

Linear increase in resources versus exponential increase in population

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10
Q

What are the 5 types of adaptations?

A

Developmental
Structural
Behavioural
Physiological
Biochemical

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11
Q

Define adaptive radiation

A

When the same species develop differently to fit different finches

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12
Q

Give an example of adaptive radiation

A

Finches on the Galapagos have different beaks for different food

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13
Q

What is antibiotic resistance an example of?

A

Evolution

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14
Q

How are organisms named?

A

Genus species
(Homo sapiens)

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15
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Eukarya
Eubacteria
Archaea

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16
Q

Define archaea

A

Extremophiles

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17
Q

Define eubacteria

A

Genus of Gram-positive bacteria
Includes prokaryotes such as pathogens

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18
Q

Define eukarya

A

Eukaryotic organisms

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19
Q

What is the hierarchy of taxa?

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
(Katy Perry Came Over For Grape Soda)

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of classifications?

A

Artificial, Natural and Phylogenetic

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21
Q

Define artificial classification

A

Characteristics are selected and then organisms are grouped based off this

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22
Q

Define natural classification

A

Organisms are grouped based on similarities and then characteristics which are shared are identified

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23
Q

Define phylogenetic classification

A

Grouping organisms based on similarities in their base sequences

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24
Q

Name the plant phyla

A

Bryophyta
Filicinophyta
Coniferophyta
Angiospermophyta

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25
Q

Which plant phyla have no vascuralisation?

A

Bryophyta

26
Q

Which plant phyla have leaves + stems

A

Filicinophyta
Coniferophyta
Angiospermophyta

27
Q

How do bryophyta reproduce?

A

Spores

28
Q

How do filicinophyta reproduce?

A

Spores

29
Q

How do coniferophyta reproduce?

A

Seeds (cones)

30
Q

How do angiospermophyta reproduce?

A

Seeds (flowers)

31
Q

What is a distinct feature of bryophyta?

A

Anchored by rhizoids

32
Q

What is a distinct feature of filicinophyta?

A

They have pinnate leaves

33
Q

What is a distinct feature of coniferophyta?

A

They have woody stems

34
Q

What is a distinct feature of angiospermophyta?

A

They have flowers

35
Q

How can animalia be classified?

A

Vertebrates
Invertebrates

36
Q

In which phyla do vertebrates classify?

A

Chordata

37
Q

What are the animalia phyla?

A

Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelmintha
Annelida
Mollusca
Anthropoda
Chordata

38
Q

In which phyla do animals with no body symmetry classify?

A

Porifera

39
Q

Do porifera have a mouth and anus?

A

No, they have pores to facilitate movement

40
Q

What is distinct feature porifera may have?

A

May have silica or calcium carbonate based spicules for structural support

41
Q

Which phyla do animalia with radial symmetry classify as?

A

Cnidaria

42
Q

Do cniadria have a mouth and anus?

A

They have a mouth but no anus

43
Q

What distinct feature cnidaria may have?

A

May have tentacles with stinging cells for capturing and disabling prey

44
Q

Which phyla could animalia with bilateral symmetry have?

A

Platyhelmintha
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Chordata

45
Q

Do platyhelmintha have a mouth and anus?

A

Yes

46
Q

Do annelida have a mouth and anus?

A

Yes

47
Q

Do molusca have a mouth and anus?

A

Yes

48
Q

Do arthropoda have a mouth and anus?

A

Yes

49
Q

Do chordata have a mouth and anus?

A

Yes

50
Q

What is a distinct feature platyhelmintha may have?

A

Flattened body to increase SA:Vol ratio and may be parasitic

51
Q

What is a distinct feature annelida may have?

A

Body composed of ringed segments with specialisation of segments

52
Q

What is a distinct feature mollusca may have?

A

Body composed of a visceral mass, a muscular foot and a mantle (may produce a shell)

53
Q

What is a distinct feature arthropoda may have?

A

Joint body sections/ appendages and a hard exoskeleton (chitin)

54
Q

What is a distinct feature chordata may have?

A

Have a notochord and a hollow, dorsal nerve tube for at least some period of their lives

55
Q

What are the vertebrate classes?

A

Fish
Amphibian
Reptile
Bird
Mammal

56
Q

Define monotremes

A

Egg laying mammals

57
Q

Define cladistics

A

Organising animals in clades with common anncestory

58
Q

Define a node in cladistics

A

Where two species deviate

59
Q

Define an outgroup in cladistics

A

A species or group of species not a part o the clade

60
Q

Define convergent evolution

A

Organisms with different traits but similar characteristics

61
Q

Define homologous structures

A

Structures with the same ancestry but different functions (pentadactyl limbs)

62
Q

Define analogous structures

A

Structures with similar functions but different ancestry (fins)

IB Biology HL (35 decks)

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