5 Evolution Flashcards
Define the fossil record
The totality of both discovered and undiscovered fossils
Define strata
Rock layers below ground that can tell us how long ago a certain fossil pertained to
Define pentadactyl
5 fingers
Define speciation
Diversity between geographically isolated populations until no viable, fertile offspring can be made between both populations
Give an example of evolution
Peppered moths after the industrial revolution in polluted areas were a darker grey colour instead of a light grey
What conditions are necessary for natural selection?
Inherited variation
Competition
Selection
Adaptations
Evolution
What occurs in crossing over?
Exchange of genetic material between non=sister chromatids
What 2 events lead to genetic variation during meiosis?
Crossing over P(I)
Independent assortment
Define the Malthusian dilemma
Linear increase in resources versus exponential increase in population
What are the 5 types of adaptations?
Developmental
Structural
Behavioural
Physiological
Biochemical
Define adaptive radiation
When the same species develop differently to fit different finches
Give an example of adaptive radiation
Finches on the Galapagos have different beaks for different food
What is antibiotic resistance an example of?
Evolution
How are organisms named?
Genus species
(Homo sapiens)
What are the three domains?
Eukarya
Eubacteria
Archaea
Define archaea
Extremophiles
Define eubacteria
Genus of Gram-positive bacteria
Includes prokaryotes such as pathogens
Define eukarya
Eukaryotic organisms
What is the hierarchy of taxa?
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
(Katy Perry Came Over For Grape Soda)
What are the 3 types of classifications?
Artificial, Natural and Phylogenetic
Define artificial classification
Characteristics are selected and then organisms are grouped based off this
Define natural classification
Organisms are grouped based on similarities and then characteristics which are shared are identified
Define phylogenetic classification
Grouping organisms based on similarities in their base sequences
Name the plant phyla
Bryophyta
Filicinophyta
Coniferophyta
Angiospermophyta
Which plant phyla have no vascuralisation?
Bryophyta
Which plant phyla have leaves + stems
Filicinophyta
Coniferophyta
Angiospermophyta
How do bryophyta reproduce?
Spores
How do filicinophyta reproduce?
Spores
How do coniferophyta reproduce?
Seeds (cones)
How do angiospermophyta reproduce?
Seeds (flowers)
What is a distinct feature of bryophyta?
Anchored by rhizoids
What is a distinct feature of filicinophyta?
They have pinnate leaves
What is a distinct feature of coniferophyta?
They have woody stems
What is a distinct feature of angiospermophyta?
They have flowers
How can animalia be classified?
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
In which phyla do vertebrates classify?
Chordata
What are the animalia phyla?
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelmintha
Annelida
Mollusca
Anthropoda
Chordata
In which phyla do animals with no body symmetry classify?
Porifera
Do porifera have a mouth and anus?
No, they have pores to facilitate movement
What is distinct feature porifera may have?
May have silica or calcium carbonate based spicules for structural support
Which phyla do animalia with radial symmetry classify as?
Cnidaria
Do cniadria have a mouth and anus?
They have a mouth but no anus
What distinct feature cnidaria may have?
May have tentacles with stinging cells for capturing and disabling prey
Which phyla could animalia with bilateral symmetry have?
Platyhelmintha
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Chordata
Do platyhelmintha have a mouth and anus?
Yes
Do annelida have a mouth and anus?
Yes
Do molusca have a mouth and anus?
Yes
Do arthropoda have a mouth and anus?
Yes
Do chordata have a mouth and anus?
Yes
What is a distinct feature platyhelmintha may have?
Flattened body to increase SA:Vol ratio and may be parasitic
What is a distinct feature annelida may have?
Body composed of ringed segments with specialisation of segments
What is a distinct feature mollusca may have?
Body composed of a visceral mass, a muscular foot and a mantle (may produce a shell)
What is a distinct feature arthropoda may have?
Joint body sections/ appendages and a hard exoskeleton (chitin)
What is a distinct feature chordata may have?
Have a notochord and a hollow, dorsal nerve tube for at least some period of their lives
What are the vertebrate classes?
Fish
Amphibian
Reptile
Bird
Mammal
Define monotremes
Egg laying mammals
Define cladistics
Organising animals in clades with common anncestory
Define a node in cladistics
Where two species deviate
Define an outgroup in cladistics
A species or group of species not a part o the clade
Define convergent evolution
Organisms with different traits but similar characteristics
Define homologous structures
Structures with the same ancestry but different functions (pentadactyl limbs)
Define analogous structures
Structures with similar functions but different ancestry (fins)
