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BIOLOGY > cytology > Flashcards

cytology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a cytosol

A

largely water but also sugars proteins and salts.

viscous liquid

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2
Q

what are inclusions

A

various substances found in some cells but not others

e.g melanin in retinal pigment epithelium.

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3
Q

what are microfilaments

A

help in migration process and phagocytosis

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4
Q

what are microtubuls

A

form cillia
hair like appendages on the surface of many cells
move gluid

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5
Q

what does a nucleoplasm contain

A

chromatin and nucleolus within a matrix

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6
Q

what is the structure of a nucleotide

A

deoxyribose
phosphate
base (4)

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7
Q

what is a gene

A

dna that codes for the production of a particular protein

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8
Q

what are coding portions of dna called

A

exons

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9
Q

what is the size of muscle cells

A

2 micrometres

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10
Q

what is the size of muscle cells

A

30 cm

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11
Q

what is the size of nerve cells

A

1 m

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12
Q

what does a general cell consist of

A

plasma memrane
cytoplasm
organelles
nucleus

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13
Q

what are the functions of cell membrane

A

integrity of cell:

  • not generally permeable
  • surfaces of epithelial cells have different permeabilities.

specific regulation of passage:
-specific and selective gates

communication site:
-receptors for molecules such as hormones

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14
Q

what are integral proteins

A

span the plasma membrane
act as gates
act as receptors

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15
Q

what are peripheral proteins

A

co enzymes

help function of proteins

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16
Q

what is the function of membrane proteins?

A
  • transport
  • enzymatic activity
  • receptors for signal
  • transduction
  • intercellular joining
  • cell-cell recognition
  • attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
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17
Q

What is Glycocalyx?

A

sugar coating of the cell attached mainly to integral proteins

  • enables sperm to recognize egg cell
  • signals which cells should be destroyed by phagocytosis
  • determines ABO blood group of red blood cells
18
Q

what are the three different types of junctions between cells

A
  • sticky glycoproteins on cell surface (glue)
  • mechanical junctions
  • specialised cell-cell junctions.
19
Q

what are mechanical junctions

A

-ball and socket joint
-tongue and groove
between lens fibres

20
Q

what are occluding junctions

A
  • adjacent protein molecules in opposing plasma membranes fuse
  • prevents the passage of molecules between cells.
21
Q

what are anchoring junctions

A

adhering junctions or desmosomes
found in skin epithelium,
cardiac muscle and uterus.
very robust.

22
Q

what are desmosomes

A
  • plaques are anchored to the inside of the cell by intermediate filaments
  • plaques of adjacent cells are linked by cadherins.
23
Q

what is a belt desmosome

A

long way round the cell

24
Q

what is hemidesmosome

A

plasma membrane to cytoplasm

25
Q

what is a spot desmasome

A

small area.

macula adherens

26
Q

what are gap junctions

A

adjacent cells joined by membrane proteins.

proteins allow cytoplasmic continuity so molecules can pass between cells

27
Q

what are the junctions between membrane proteins in gap junctions known as?

A

connexons

28
Q

where does the lens receive nutrients from?

A

aqueous humour

29
Q

why are cells that make up the lens joined by gap junctions?

A

so nutrients can diffuse from the lens surface to cells in its interior.

30
Q

what is a cytoskeleton and its function?

A

cell skeleton
gives shape
mediates cytoplasmic movements of organelles

31
Q

what are intermediate filaments?

A

hold everything tgether

respond and change length

32
Q

what does the centrosome in microtubules contain?

A

centrioles at right angles to each other

important for cell replication

33
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

control centre
regular shape in normal cells
nuclear pores-selective movement of cells

34
Q

where are ribosomes made?

A

nucleolus

35
Q

what is the function of chromatin?

A

makes up our chromosomes

intertwined DNA and histone proteins

36
Q

where is our genetic information stored?

A

chromosomes.

37
Q

what are complimentary base pairs linked by?

A

hydrogen bonds

38
Q

what is 1 amino acid coded for by?

A

codon

3 adjacent nucleotides.

39
Q

what is transcription?

A

triplet codes of a gene are copied into a molecule of mRNA

40
Q

what is translation?

A

mRNA combines with complimentary tRNA molecules join to form the protein.

41
Q

what are synthesised proteins packaged by?

A

golgi apparatus

42
Q

how many pairs of autosomes and sex chromosomes do we have?

A

22 pairs of autosomes

one pair of sex chromosome

BIOLOGY (27 decks)

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