chemistry Flashcards
the word chemistry derives from the word? which is found in various forms in?
alchemy, european languages
the arabic term is derived from the ancient greek? meaning?
khemia, art of alloying metals
alchemy derives from the arabic word?
kimiya or al-kimiya
study of the origin of a word and the way their meaning changes through history
etymology
the etymology of the word chemistry is?
debatable issue
the first chemists
egyptians
french chemist
antoine fourcroy 1782
early history of chemistry into four epochs:
egypt, the arabs, alchemy, and the pharmaceutical chemistry begun by paracelsus
the basic roots of the word chemistry essentially derive from the ancient study on how to?
transmute “earthen” metals into “gold”
based on the ancient egyptian word?
keme(chem) which stands for earth
the word was used in reference to the fertility of the flood plains around the nile
khem
greek word of chemistry
chemeia meaning cast together
others reason that the word alchemy is derived from the greek for?
the egyptian art
_ was once considered to have sprung from great egyptian figure named by the greeks?
the science of alchemy. hermes trismegistus
who is thought to have been the founder of the art
hermes trismegistus
egypt was founded as a state in?
c. 3000BC
male sun
osiris
wife sister, female moon
isis
became eight gods and finally twelve gods who where later taken over bye the greeks
mercury and vulcan
four chemical gods of the egyptians
osiris, isis, mercury, and vulcan
this origin theory in chemistry was generally known as the “ “ and was utilized in the writing of michael maier.
pyramid of composition
who in turn influenced isaac newton in his alchemical writings in the 1680s
michael maier
the ancient egypt word keme stands for?
earth
root word of chemistry
keme
after keme ( this later became?)
khemia or transmutation by 300 AD
after khemia
al-khemia (arabic world)
after al-khemia
‘alchemy’ in the dark ages
after alchemy
chymistry in 1661
from the root word of chemistry to now
keme, khemia, al-khemia, alchemy, chymistry, and now chemistry
birthplace of alchemy
ancient egypt
noted chemistry historian, from his four volume magnum opus history of chemistry
james R. Partington (1969)
according to _ alchemy came from egypt and mesopotamia
Partington
alchemy is explained as meaning the _
Egyptian Art
according to the _, the arabic word al-kimiya actually means _
Egyptologist Wallis Budge, the Egyptian(science)
the ancient egyptian word referred to both the? could explain the nickname?
country and the colour black . egyptian black arts
according to , this theory may be an example of
mahn, folk etymology
the science of matter at the atomic to molecular scale, dealing primarily with collections of atoms, such as molecules, crystals, and metals.
chemistry
according to _ chemistry derives from an egyptian word_
budge. khemein or khemia “preparation of black powder” derived from the name ‘khem, egypt’
according to _ chemistry derives from an egyptian word_
budge, khemein or khemia “preparation of black powder” derived from the name ‘khem, egypt’
arabic al-kimia is thought to derive from the greek word _meaning _
khemeia meaning alchemy.
the word alchemy comes from the _
arabic al-kimiya
famous mineralogist and humanist _ who first dropped the arabic definite article and began, in his latin works from 1530 on, to write _
Georg Agricola. chymia and chymista
conrad gessner’s adoption of it in his extremely popular pseudonymous work
de remediis secretis; liber physicus, medicus, et partim etiam chymicus (zurich 1552)
this work was frequently re published in the second half of the sixteenth century and the earliest known occurrences of forms of the french_ german_ italian_ and english_ found in early translations.
french “chimie”, german “chemie”, italian “chimica”, english “chemistry”
is a subdiscipline of science that deals with the study of matter and the substances that constitute it.
chemistry
chemistry primarily focuses on?
atoms, ions, and molecules in which in turn make up elements and compounds.
it is important to note that the interactions between _ and _ are also studied in chemistry
matter and energy
can be defined as the systematic study of the natural universe, its structure and everything it encompasses
science
three primary subcategories of science that deal with certain aspects of the universe:
the formal sciences, the natural sciences, the social sciences
study of language disciplines that concern formal systems. example:?
the formal sciences: example: logic and mathematics.
study of natural phenomena through experiments end observations. example:?
the natural sciences. example: chemistry, physics , and biology
study of human societies and the relationship between the humans that dwell in these societies. example:?
the social sciences. example: psychology, sociology, and economics.
chemistry is found to lie close to the centre 9
physics, math, astronomy, geochemistry, geology. medicine, biology, biochemistry, chemical physics
five primary branches of chemistry:
physical chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, and biochemistry, chemistry reactions
scientists search for answers to questions and solutions to problems by using a procedure called?
the scientific method
this procedure consists of making observations, formulating hypothesis, and designing experiments, which in turn leads to additional observations, hypothesis, and experiments in repeated cycles
the scientific method
as depicted in this flowchart the scientific method consists of making?
observations, formulating hypotheses, and designing experiments
can be qualitative or quantitative
observations
describe properties or occurrences in ways that do not rely on numbers
qualitative observations
are measurements, which by definition consist of both a number and a unit
quantitative observations
may not be correct, but it puts the scientists understanding of the system being studied into a form that can be tested
hypothesis
wild guest
hypothesis
systematic organized procedure
the scientific method
are systematic observations or measurements, preferably made under controlled conditions that is under conditions in which a single variable changes
experiments
simply says what happens it does not address the question of why
law
a verbal or mathematical description of a phenomenon that allows for general predictions
law
one example of a law
the law of definite proportions
law of definite proportions was discovered by?
french scientist Joseph Proust
states that a chemical substance always contains the same proportion of elements by mass
Joseph Proust
states only what happens
law
attempts to explain why nature behaves as it does
theory
unlikely to change greatly over time unless a major experimental error is discovered
laws
is incomplete and imperfect, evolving with time to explain new facts as they discovered
theory
