chapter twenty-one Flashcards

1
Q

tissues are constructed on a _____

A

matrix

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2
Q

how are tissue types categorized? 4 ways

A

connective, epithelial, nervous and muscular

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3
Q

______ tissue is mostly extracellular matrix material with cells interspersed within

A

connective

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4
Q

________ tissue is mostly composed of collagen fibers

A

connective

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5
Q

collagen proteins assemble into _____ _____ _______

A

triple helix coiled-coils

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6
Q

to avoid premature assembly, collagen is secreted from cells as _______

A

procollagen

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7
Q

procollagen contains sequences that block _______

A

assembly

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8
Q

in the extracellular space ______ cleave the prosequences, allowing assembly of collagen

A

proteases

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9
Q

_____ ______ links cells to the extracellular matrix

A

integrin adhesion

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10
Q

integrin adhesion also influences the cells by activating _____ _______ processes to the cell interior

A

signal transduction

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11
Q

protein molecules that are highly modified with ____ ______ fill space in the extracellular matrix

A

carbohydrate structures

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12
Q

carbohydrate molecules bind a lot of _____ and make a gel material between collagen fibers

A

water

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13
Q

_____ cells seperate biological compartments and regulate their composition by transport processes

A

epithelial

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14
Q

epithelial cells sit on a ____ ____

A

basal lamina

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15
Q

_______ epithelia have distinct domains with different compositions

A

transporting

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16
Q

domains of epithelia are separated by _____ ____, producing the apical and basal domains

A

tight junctions

17
Q

the ______ _____ prevents ions and solutes from leaking between cells

A

tight junction

18
Q

tight junctions are composed of ____ and _____ proteins that form from interlacing strands

A

occludin and claudin

19
Q

______ cell adhesion molecules create small links that are strong in large patches

A

cadherin

20
Q

linker proteins connect adhesion molecules to the _____ cytoskeleton

A

actin

21
Q

the adherens junction is mediated by _____

A

cadherin

22
Q

constricting ___ ____ can change epithelial shape producing tissue morphogenesis

A

adherens junctions

23
Q

differentisl cell adhesion produces ___ ___

A

cell sorting

24
Q

_____ ____ are channel proteins that link with another cell, creating a cytoplasmic bridge between cells

A

gap junctions

25
Q

____ ____ have the instructions to continuously renew our tissues

A

stem cells

26
Q

3 factors that control cell renewal

A

communication, selective cell adhesion and cell memory

27
Q

the stem cells are located where

A

base of the crypt

28
Q

stem cell niche in the crypt regulates _____ and ______

A

proliferation and differentiation

29
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells produce what

A

blood cells

30
Q

______ _____ _____ are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst stage mammalian embryo

A

embryonic stem cells

31
Q

embryonic stem cells are _______ which means that they can produce 3 germ layers

A

pluripotent

32
Q

what are the 3 germ layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

33
Q

cancer is a ____ cell disease

A

stem

34
Q

abnormal stem cells produce ___ _____ that propagate and spread

A

abnormal tissues

35
Q

altered versions of normal cellular genes (typically gain-of-function)

A

oncogenes