chapter nineteen

Question 1

the cell reproduces by an orderly sequence of events that _____ its contents and then divides in _____

Answer 1

duplicates, two

Question 2

4 phases of the cell cycle

Answer 2

G1, S, G2, M

Question 3

what is the M phase

Answer 3

mitosis and cytokenesis

Question 4

Interphase is what stages

Answer 4

G1, S and G2

Question 5

synthesis of DNA is what phase

Answer 5

S

Question 6

_____ _____ _____ _____ (cdks) control the progression through the cell cycle

Answer 6

cyclin-dependent protein kinases

Question 7

cyclin synthesis is controlled in a cyclical pattern during the cell cycle by ______ ______ and ______

Answer 7

transcription control and proteolysis

Question 8

cyclins are specified based on what step of the cell cycle are occuring: true or false?

Answer 8

true

Question 9

____ _____ _____ induces destruction of M and S cyclins during M phase by ubiquitin ligation and destruction in the proteasome

Answer 9

anaphase promoting complex

Question 10

___ _____ proteins can maintain cdks in an inactive state, pausing the cell cycle until conditions are right

Answer 10

cdk inhibitor

Question 11

____, _____ _____, and ___ ___ are monitored during the cell cycle, regulating progression

Answer 11

environment, DNA status and mitotic spindle

Question 12

which phase: cells grow and repair themselves; decide based on cell size and environment where to go next

Answer 12

G1

Question 13

one a cell hits this phase, known as “start” it must complete the cell cycle

Answer 13

G1

Question 14

______ activate cdks that phosphorylate Rb protein, activating transcription of proliferation genes

Answer 14

mitogens

Question 15

DNA damage can induce ____, which can induce apoptosis or cdk inhibitor (p21)

Answer 15

p53

Question 16

what phase: DNA replication must be accurate and must occur only once per cell

Answer 16

S phase

Question 17

which phase: proteins are recruited to origin of replication

Answer 17

G1

Question 18

Cdc6 is a __ ___ __, which can load DNA helicase

Answer 18

origin recognition complex

Question 19

replication is activated by __ ____, phosphorylates proteins at the origin

Answer 19

S-Cdk

Question 20

Cdc6 ______ leads to its destruction, preventing additional replication

Answer 20

phosphorylation

Question 21

______ drive entry into M phase

Answer 21

M-Cdk

Question 22

M-Cdk prepares duplicated _____ for segregation and induces assembly of mitotic spindle

Answer 22

chromosomes

Question 23

as DNA is replicated, ______ rings are assembled to keep sister chromatids together

Answer 23

cohesin

Question 24

which phase: assembly of mitotic spindle and contractile ring

Answer 24

M phase

Question 25

sister chromatids held together by ______

Answer 25

cohesins

Question 26

sister chromatids are split into ___ ____ ____

Answer 26

2 daughter chromosomes

Question 27

which phase: centrosomes duplicate

Answer 27

S phase

Question 28

______ segregate and from ____ ______

Answer 28

centrosomes, aster microtubules

Question 29

_____ from the mitotic spindle

Answer 29

asters

Question 30

spindle poles have _ types of microtubules

Answer 30

3

Question 31

microtubule assembly and motors align chromatid pairs at the metaphase plate when?

Answer 31

metaphase

Question 32

______ of cohesin linkages induce anaphase seperation of daughter chromosomes

Answer 32

proteolysis

Question 33

_______ cleaves cohesin complexes inducing anaphase

Answer 33

seperase

Question 34

APC induces ______ ______ which releases active seperase

Answer 34

securin degradation

Question 35

anaphase involves _ events

Answer 35

2

Question 36

anaphase A and anaphase B are ______

Answer 36

simultaneous

Question 37

anaphase A is chromosome movement driven by ____ ____

Answer 37

microtubule disassembly

Question 38

anaphase B involves ____ and _____ pulling microtubules

Answer 38

dyenin and kinesin

Question 39

__ ____ induces nuclear envelope breakdown by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reforms this complex in _______

Answer 39

M Phase, telophase

Question 40

the contractile ring in animal cells assembles at ______

Answer 40

anaphase

Question 41

____ -_______ contraction constricts and seperates daughter cells

Answer 41

actin-myosin

Question 42

_______ is cleaves to produce active caspase proteins

Answer 42

procaspases

Question 43

survival factors activate _____ gene to prevent apoptosis

Answer 43

Bcl2