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cell biology > chapter nineteen > Flashcards

chapter nineteen Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the cell reproduces by an orderly sequence of events that _____ its contents and then divides in _____

A

duplicates, two

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2
Q

4 phases of the cell cycle

A

G1, S, G2, M

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3
Q

what is the M phase

A

mitosis and cytokenesis

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4
Q

Interphase is what stages

A

G1, S and G2

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5
Q

synthesis of DNA is what phase

A

S

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6
Q

_____ _____ _____ _____ (cdks) control the progression through the cell cycle

A

cyclin-dependent protein kinases

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7
Q

cyclin synthesis is controlled in a cyclical pattern during the cell cycle by ______ ______ and ______

A

transcription control and proteolysis

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8
Q

cyclins are specified based on what step of the cell cycle are occuring: true or false?

A

true

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9
Q

____ _____ _____ induces destruction of M and S cyclins during M phase by ubiquitin ligation and destruction in the proteasome

A

anaphase promoting complex

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10
Q

___ _____ proteins can maintain cdks in an inactive state, pausing the cell cycle until conditions are right

A

cdk inhibitor

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11
Q

____, _____ _____, and ___ ___ are monitored during the cell cycle, regulating progression

A

environment, DNA status and mitotic spindle

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12
Q

which phase: cells grow and repair themselves; decide based on cell size and environment where to go next

A

G1

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13
Q

one a cell hits this phase, known as “start” it must complete the cell cycle

A

G1

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14
Q

______ activate cdks that phosphorylate Rb protein, activating transcription of proliferation genes

A

mitogens

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15
Q

DNA damage can induce ____, which can induce apoptosis or cdk inhibitor (p21)

A

p53

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16
Q

what phase: DNA replication must be accurate and must occur only once per cell

A

S phase

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17
Q

which phase: proteins are recruited to origin of replication

A

G1

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18
Q

Cdc6 is a __ ___ __, which can load DNA helicase

A

origin recognition complex

19
Q

replication is activated by __ ____, phosphorylates proteins at the origin

A

S-Cdk

20
Q

Cdc6 ______ leads to its destruction, preventing additional replication

A

phosphorylation

21
Q

______ drive entry into M phase

A

M-Cdk

22
Q

M-Cdk prepares duplicated _____ for segregation and induces assembly of mitotic spindle

A

chromosomes

23
Q

as DNA is replicated, ______ rings are assembled to keep sister chromatids together

A

cohesin

24
Q

which phase: assembly of mitotic spindle and contractile ring

A

M phase

25
Q

sister chromatids held together by ______

A

cohesins

26
Q

sister chromatids are split into ___ ____ ____

A

2 daughter chromosomes

27
Q

which phase: centrosomes duplicate

A

S phase

28
Q

______ segregate and from ____ ______

A

centrosomes, aster microtubules

29
Q

_____ from the mitotic spindle

A

asters

30
Q

spindle poles have _ types of microtubules

A

3

31
Q

microtubule assembly and motors align chromatid pairs at the metaphase plate when?

A

metaphase

32
Q

______ of cohesin linkages induce anaphase seperation of daughter chromosomes

A

proteolysis

33
Q

_______ cleaves cohesin complexes inducing anaphase

A

seperase

34
Q

APC induces ______ ______ which releases active seperase

A

securin degradation

35
Q

anaphase involves _ events

A

2

36
Q

anaphase A and anaphase B are ______

A

simultaneous

37
Q

anaphase A is chromosome movement driven by ____ ____

A

microtubule disassembly

38
Q

anaphase B involves ____ and _____ pulling microtubules

A

dyenin and kinesin

39
Q

__ ____ induces nuclear envelope breakdown by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reforms this complex in _______

A

M Phase, telophase

40
Q

the contractile ring in animal cells assembles at ______

A

anaphase

41
Q

____ -_______ contraction constricts and seperates daughter cells

A

actin-myosin

42
Q

_______ is cleaves to produce active caspase proteins

A

procaspases

43
Q

survival factors activate _____ gene to prevent apoptosis

A

Bcl2

cell biology (20 decks)

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