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cell biology > Ch. 9 > Flashcards

Ch. 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a necessary regulation for cells to respond to their environment

A

gene expression

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2
Q

when is gene expression controlled

A

during differentiation

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3
Q

what directs the various proteins and RNA’s encoded in the genome

A

cell selectivity

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4
Q

true or false: cells retain their entire genome?

A

true

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5
Q

the ability of one cell from an organism can make an entire new organism shows that the original had an ______ _______

A

intact genome

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6
Q

________ occurs at every level of gene expression

A

regulation

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7
Q

_______ _______ is a critical step for many genes

A

transcriptional regulation

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8
Q

transcription is controlled at _________, once this is complete transcription is highly __________

A

initiation, processive

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9
Q

the ________ sets the start point or the transcription initiation site

A

promoter

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10
Q

regulatory _____ sequences control the formation of transcriptional regulatory complexes that switch expression on and off

A

DNA

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11
Q

_____ ______, usually within the ______ groove of DNA, determines binding to the base sequence

A

specific contacts, major

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12
Q

transcription factors are often ______

A

dimers

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13
Q

_____ _______ form complexes that stabilize DNA interactions to regulate transcription

A

transcription factors

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14
Q

in bacteria a _____ transcript encodes a set of protein in an ______ structure

A

single, operon

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15
Q

in eukayotes, sets of genes, each encoding a single protein, are coordinately _______ to control _______

A

regulated, responses

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16
Q

the tryptophan biosynthesis is regulated by levels of ______ in the cell

A

tryptophan

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17
Q

in the presence of tryptophan, a ______ protein binds to the ______. what does this block?

A

repressor, operator; blocks binding of RNA polymerase

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18
Q

the tryptophan repressor is an _______ protein

A

allosteric

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19
Q

who discovered the lac operon

A

jacob and monod

20
Q

when glucose is _____, then there is no cAMP to activate genes like the lac operon

A

present

21
Q

with _______ present, then the lac repressor dissociates from the lac promoter

A

lactose

22
Q

glucose has to be ____ ____ and lactose has to be _____ for the lac operon to run efficiently

A

used up, present

23
Q

activators and repressors (transcription regulators) bind to ______

A

enhancers

24
Q

true or false: in eukaryotes can be long distances from the transcription start site, but in prokaryotic transcription they need to be close

A

true

25
Q

regulation from large distances on the chromosome is thought to occur through ______ ______

A

DNA looping

26
Q

DNA looping then allows the ______ and ______ sequences close

A

enhancer and promoter

27
Q

a large transcriptional regulatory complex that stabilizes general transcription factors and RNA polymerase with transcription regulators is called?

A

a mediator

28
Q

transcription regulators _________ the assembly of chromatin-modifying proteins at locations on the chromosome

A

promote

29
Q

what are two thing chromatin-modifying proteins induce

A

compaction and decompaction

30
Q

what promotes chromatin decompaction and is recruited by transcription ACTIVATORS

A

histone acetyltransferases

31
Q

what promotes chromatin compaction and is recruited by transcription RESPRESSORS

A

histone deacetylases

32
Q

after specialization a cell has _______ which allows it to maintain new functional specialization

A

memory

33
Q

single transcription regulators have the ability to _______ one cell type to another

A

convert

34
Q

what is the single transcription regulator that if expressed coverts a fibroblast cell into a muscle cells

A

MyoD

35
Q

there _______ transcription factors in genes

A

1,000

36
Q

to maintain their identity, cells must continue to express ________ of the cell type and progeny as well

A

characteristics

37
Q

a ______ feedback loop can drive characteristic maintenance in a cell

A

positive

38
Q

_______ memory is used to maintain cell identity in daughter cells ( this is done by methylation mark at cytosine residues in DNA)

A

epigenetic

39
Q

________ modification can also be maintained through successive cell divisions

A

histone

40
Q

in prokaryotes, ______ can bind and block translation or ______ can fold and block translation

A

factors, mRNA

41
Q

small non-coding mRNA’s are called

A

micro or miRNA

42
Q

miRNA’s regulate _______ and ________

A

translation and stability

43
Q

miRNA’s are packaged where

A

RNA-induced silencing complex

44
Q

miRNA’s RISC bind _______ inducing is degradation or blocking translation

A

mRNA

45
Q

there are about ______ miRNA’s

A

500

46
Q

how many long non-coding RNAs are encoded in genomes? what is their function?

A

8,000, function as scaffold or regulatory proteins

47
Q

X-chromosome inactivation can be caused by

A

Xist

cell biology (20 decks)

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