Ch.10 Flashcards
three ways to generate genetic variation
mutation in gene, mutation in regulatory DNA, and gene duplication/divergence, exon shuffling, transposition, horizontal gene transfer
mutations in germ cells will be transmitted in only _____ reproducing organisms
sexually
mutation affects single nucleotide pair in DNA
point mutation
point mutations occur when mistakes are made in DNA ______ and ______
replication and repair
changes in transcriptional control sequences have what consequence
alter how much or when transcription occurs
gene duplication is caused by
crossing-over events
duplication and movement of _____ occurs by gene duplication and divergence
exon
mobile genetic elements can produce ______ mutations
insertional
genes incorporated into cells, sometimes from other species is
horizontal gene transfer
mutations and other genetic changes are retained if they have a _____ _____
selective advantage
mutations accumulate in regions ________ significant functional roles
without
genes show _____ changes and are thus _____
fewer, conserved
about how much of the human genome is highly conserved among mammals
4.5%
3 domains
bacteria, archea, and eukaryotes
what are two mobile genetic elements
transposons and viruses
move or transpose within genomes (do not escape cell)
transposons
three familes of transposons
L1 and Alu sequence (DNA-only) and retrotransposons (RNA intermediate)
virus ________ typically begins by infection of a cell
replication
process of virus infection: viruses _______, _______ new particles and ______ the cell
replicate, assemble, lyse
retroviruses are only found in
eukaryotes
RNA genome that is reverse transcribed to a DNA molecule that integrates into host genome
retrovirus
less than _% of genome codes for proteins
2
two people vary by __% of nucleotide sequence
0.1
______ account for most of the genetic variation
SNP’s
