Ch.8

Question 1

Difference in RNA and DNA

Answer 1

RNA is single stranded and has Uracil
Folds in on itself and forms various shapes

Question 2

DNA in genes is used as a template to make ___ that is _______ to DNA

Answer 2

RNA, complimentary

Question 3

_____ ______ enzyme makes the RNA transcript

Answer 3

RNA polymerase

Question 4

After the transcription process, DNA re-forms its _____ _____

Answer 4

double helix

Question 5

RNA transcripts can form without a ______

Answer 5

primer

Question 6

transcription begins by guiding the ____ ______ enzyme to the transcription start site of the gene

Answer 6

RNA polymerase

Question 7

sequences that bind ____ ______ guide transcription

Answer 7

transcription factors

Question 8

sequences which bind transcription factors near the transcription start site are _____

Answer 8

promoters

Question 9

in bacterial transcription: what binds the promoter?

Answer 9

sigma factors (associated with RNA polymerase)

Question 10

true or false: eukaryotic transcription is less complex and less highly regulated than bacterial transcription

Answer 10

false

Question 11

true or false: bacterial transcription is loosely regulated

Answer 11

false

Question 12

RNA polymerase which transcribes most rRNA genes

Answer 12

RNA polym. I

Question 13

RNA polymerase which transcribes protein-coding genes and miRNA genes

Answer 13

RNA polymerase II

Question 14

RNA polymerase which transcribes tRNA genes, genes for small RNA’s

Answer 14

RNA polymerase III

Question 15

what binding protein starts protein complex assembly in eukaryotes

Answer 15

TATA

Question 16

protein complex leads to ____ _____ __ binding

Answer 16

RNA polymerase II

Question 17

mRNA’s are processed as they are ______ transcribed

Question 18

What processes (modifications) can mRNA’s undergo

Answer 18

capping. splicing, and adding tails

Question 19

mRNA’s are modified at the ___ end, by the addition of a methylated _____. This process is known as the ___ ___

Answer 19

5’, GTP ; 5’ cap

Question 20

The Poly A tail modification is added to the ___ end of mRNA

Answer 20

3’

Question 21

introns are also known as _____ sequences and exons are known as _____ sequences

Answer 21

interrupting, expressed

Question 22

exons are typically ______ than introns

Answer 22

smaller

Question 23

Where does RNA processing occur?

Answer 23

nucleus

Question 24

splice junctions have a _____ conserved sequence structure

Answer 24

highly

Question 25

2 reactions which form a lariat structure from the introns, which then ligases the exons is?

Answer 25

splicing reaction

Question 26

RNAase enzymes break down the ____ after splicing

Answer 26

introns

Question 27

what percentage of genes are alternatively splices in humans

Answer 27

95%

Question 28

after mRNA's are processed in the nucleus they are moved where? and through what?

Answer 28

cytoplasm, nuclear pore complex

Question 29

genetic code is made up of

Answer 29

codons which correspond to amino acids

Question 30

nucleotide can be organized into triplets in _ reading frames

Answer 30

3

Question 31

the process of _______ recognizes the correct reading frame

Answer 31

translation

Question 32

other _ reading frames do not function

Answer 32

2

Question 33

triplet code in mRNA base pairs with what?

Answer 33

tRNA

Question 34

tRNA's are folded into characteristic structures exposing the _______ which base pairs with the ______

Answer 34

anticodon, codon

Question 35

amino acids are ______ linked to tRNA's to charge the tRNA for translation of proteins

Answer 35

covalently

Question 36

large complexes of rRNA's and proteins are called? (they are also enzymes)

Answer 36

ribosomes

Question 37

true or false: proteins have catalytic activity

Answer 37

false, RNA's do

Question 38

ribosomes have 3 binding sites for tRNA, what are they?

Answer 38

E, P, A

Question 39

assembly of what initiates translation

Answer 39

small ribosomal unit, start codon (met) initiation factors

Question 40

When the _____ ______ _____ assembles what dissociates

Answer 40

large ribosomal unit, initiation factors

Question 41

the first tRNA binds the __ site and forms first peptide bond

Answer 41

A

Question 42

After the tRNA binds the A site what's the next step

Answer 42

elongation

Question 43

during elongation, ribosome catalyzes the addition of a new ____ _____ on the growing polypeptide chain

Answer 43

amino acid

Question 44

what provides the energy for elongation

Answer 44

charged amino acid bond to the tRNA

Question 45

termination factor binds at the _ site when stop codon is reached

Answer 45

A

Question 46

termination factor induces the ribosome enzyme to ______ the polypeptide

Answer 46

hydrolyze

Question 47

multiple ribosomes attached to a single mRNA is called a

Answer 47

polysome

Question 48

protein synthesis must be balanced by ______ _______

Answer 48

protein degradation

Question 49

large complex that degrades proteins

Answer 49

proteasome

Question 50

what is done to proteins to degrade them

Answer 50

addition of chain of ubiquitins

Question 51

the polyubiquitin modified proteins are recognized by _______ and degraded

Answer 51

proteasome