chapter seventeen

Question 1

____ ____ occurs when a signaling molecule is released from a signaling cell which binds to a receptor and transmits

Answer 1

Signal transduction

Question 2

The signaling pathways produce changes in

Answer 2

Metabolism, ion transport, cell shape, transcription differentiation

Question 3

4 types of cell signaling

Answer 3

Paracrine, neuronal, endocrine, and contact-dependent.

Question 4

Notch-delta Signaling is what kind

Answer 4

Contact dependent

Question 5

______ is expressed in a differentiating neuron, causes ___ inhibition of neighboring cells to prevent excess neuron differentiation

Answer 5

Delta, lateral

Question 6

2 major classes of extracellular signaling

Answer 6

Cell-surface receptors andintracellular receptors

Question 7

Receptors that perceive large hydrophilic ligands (cannot permeate membrane)

Answer 7

Cell-surface

Question 8

Perceive hydrophobic ligands that permeate membranes

Answer 8

Intracellurar

Question 9

A cell responds to a signal if they have the correct

Answer 9

Receptor

Question 10

There can be different effectors for a single

Answer 10

Receptor

Question 11

How many signals can impinge on a single cell

Answer 11

Many

Question 12

the combination of ______ will determine the response to the signaling pathway

Answer 12

effectors

Question 13

the signal transduction pathway can ____ and ____ the signal

Answer 13

spread and amplify

Question 14

signal transduction pathways can modulate one another, _______ ______

Answer 14

integrating signals

Question 15

______ can regulate effects to amplify or dampen the signaling

Answer 15

feeback

Question 16

signaling molecules also need to be shut off to prevent ______

Answer 16

overstimulation

Question 17

GTP binding proteins (monomeric G proteins) are a _____ _____

Answer 17

molecular switch

Question 18

monomeric G proteins active and inactive states are regulated by ______ , _______ activating proteins, and ______ nucleotide exchange proteins

Answer 18

GTPase ; GTPase ; guanine

Question 19

what are the 3 subunits of G-protein signaling

Answer 19

alpha, beta and gamma

Question 20

binding a _____ causes a conformation change in the GPCR’s enabling it to bind a ________

Answer 20

ligand, G-protein

Question 21

prior to binding a receptor, the G-protein is bound to ____ , after binding GDP is released and what binds?

Answer 21

GDP, GTP

Question 22

G-proteins can induce enzyme activity, which produces _____ ____

Answer 22

second messengers

Question 23

G protein stimulation of ______ ____ to produce cAMP

Answer 23

adenylyl cyclase

Question 24

cAMP induces _____ _____ __

Answer 24

protein kinase A

Question 25

PKA can induce ______ ______

Answer 25

gene expression

Question 26

_____ signaling activates phospholipase C, which activates IP3 and diacylglycerol. IP3 binds Ca+ channel and releases Ca into cytoplasm

Answer 26

GPCR

Question 27

NO gas is a ____

Answer 27

ligand

Question 28

cells produce NO and bind receptors and stimulate effectors in smooth muscle which causes ____ and ____ _______ _____

Answer 28

relaxation and blood vessel opening

Question 29

growth factor receptors are _____, which mediate important signaling processes

Answer 29

RTK’s

Question 30

RTK’s (receptor tyrosine kinases; growth factor receptor) often induce _____

Answer 30

RAS

Question 31

activated _____ induces a kinase cascated, leading to MAP kinase activation

Answer 31

RAS

Question 31

what is RAS?

Answer 31

a monomeric G-protein (mutated in many cancers)

Question 32

what does MAP kinase induce (it does this by changing protein activity and gene expression)

Answer 32

cell growth, cell survival, and differentiation

Question 33

______ ____ can pass through the plasma membrane and bind intracellular receptors

Answer 33

steroid hormones

Question 34

the unoccupied intracellular receptor is held in ______

Answer 34

cytoplasm

Question 35

binding a hormone releases the intracellular receptor from the cytoplasm and it enters the _____ and activates ______

Answer 35

nucleus; transcription