chapter seventeen Flashcards

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1
Q

____ ____ occurs when a signaling molecule is released from a signaling cell which binds to a receptor and transmits

A

Signal transduction

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2
Q

The signaling pathways produce changes in

A

Metabolism, ion transport, cell shape, transcription differentiation

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3
Q

4 types of cell signaling

A

Paracrine, neuronal, endocrine, and contact-dependent.

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4
Q

Notch-delta Signaling is what kind

A

Contact dependent

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5
Q

______ is expressed in a differentiating neuron, causes ___ inhibition of neighboring cells to prevent excess neuron differentiation

A

Delta, lateral

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6
Q

2 major classes of extracellular signaling

A

Cell-surface receptors andintracellular receptors

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7
Q

Receptors that perceive large hydrophilic ligands (cannot permeate membrane)

A

Cell-surface

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8
Q

Perceive hydrophobic ligands that permeate membranes

A

Intracellurar

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9
Q

A cell responds to a signal if they have the correct

A

Receptor

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10
Q

There can be different effectors for a single

A

Receptor

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11
Q

How many signals can impinge on a single cell

A

Many

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12
Q

the combination of ______ will determine the response to the signaling pathway

A

effectors

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13
Q

the signal transduction pathway can ____ and ____ the signal

A

spread and amplify

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14
Q

signal transduction pathways can modulate one another, _______ ______

A

integrating signals

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15
Q

______ can regulate effects to amplify or dampen the signaling

A

feeback

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16
Q

signaling molecules also need to be shut off to prevent ______

A

overstimulation

17
Q

GTP binding proteins (monomeric G proteins) are a _____ _____

A

molecular switch

18
Q

monomeric G proteins active and inactive states are regulated by ______ , _______ activating proteins, and ______ nucleotide exchange proteins

A

GTPase ; GTPase ; guanine

19
Q

what are the 3 subunits of G-protein signaling

A

alpha, beta and gamma

20
Q

binding a _____ causes a conformation change in the GPCR’s enabling it to bind a ________

A

ligand, G-protein

21
Q

prior to binding a receptor, the G-protein is bound to ____ , after binding GDP is released and what binds?

A

GDP, GTP

22
Q

G-proteins can induce enzyme activity, which produces _____ ____

A

second messengers

23
Q

G protein stimulation of ______ ____ to produce cAMP

A

adenylyl cyclase

24
Q

cAMP induces _____ _____ __

A

protein kinase A

25
Q

PKA can induce ______ ______

A

gene expression

26
Q

_____ signaling activates phospholipase C, which activates IP3 and diacylglycerol. IP3 binds Ca+ channel and releases Ca into cytoplasm

A

GPCR

27
Q

NO gas is a ____

A

ligand

28
Q

cells produce NO and bind receptors and stimulate effectors in smooth muscle which causes ____ and ____ _______ _____

A

relaxation and blood vessel opening

29
Q

growth factor receptors are _____, which mediate important signaling processes

A

RTK’s

30
Q

RTK’s (receptor tyrosine kinases; growth factor receptor) often induce _____

A

RAS

31
Q

activated _____ induces a kinase cascated, leading to MAP kinase activation

A

RAS

31
Q

what is RAS?

A

a monomeric G-protein (mutated in many cancers)

32
Q

what does MAP kinase induce (it does this by changing protein activity and gene expression)

A

cell growth, cell survival, and differentiation

33
Q

______ ____ can pass through the plasma membrane and bind intracellular receptors

A

steroid hormones

34
Q

the unoccupied intracellular receptor is held in ______

A

cytoplasm

35
Q

binding a hormone releases the intracellular receptor from the cytoplasm and it enters the _____ and activates ______

A

nucleus; transcription