Ch. 11

Question 1

domestication changes _____

Answer 1

DNA

Question 2

bacteria can have enzymes that cut foreign DNA, these enzymes cut specific palindrome sequences in DNA. What are they?

Answer 2

restriction enzyme

Question 3

process that produces identical copies of a DNA sequence

Answer 3

DNA cloning

Question 4

cloning copies are often made by _____

Answer 4

PCR

Question 5

______ DNA was discovered in the 1970’s by combining the knowledge of restriction enzymes and plasmids and involves combining DNA sequences

Answer 5

recombinant

Question 6

cut DNA often and leave “sticky ends” or sequence overhangs

Answer 6

restriction enzymes

Question 7

________ overhangs from another DNA molecule allows ______

Answer 7

complimentary, recognition

Question 8

sequence ______ can also be made blunt ended and DNA ligase can join them

Answer 8

overhangs

Question 9

small circular DNA molecules in bacteria often carry antibiotic resistance genes (used for recombinant DNA technology)

Answer 9

plasmids

Question 10

DNA molecules are cut and recombined with _____ DNA sequences, ends are ligated

Answer 10

plasmid

Question 11

recombinant DNA molecule is ______ (introduced into cell) into bacteria and bacteria are grown

Answer 11

transformed

Question 12

_____ isolated from eukaryotic cells are made into _______ DNA

Answer 12

mRNAs, complimentary

Question 13

cDNA is made using _____ _______ from retroviruses

Answer 13

reverse transcriptase

Question 14

cDNAs are _____ into a library and screened

Answer 14

cloned

Question 15

uses heat stable polymerases, short DNA primers, and deoxynucleotides to amplify specific sequences

Answer 15

PCR

Question 16

PCR can be used as long as you have information about the ____ _____

Answer 16

target sequence

Question 17

what are the two types of DNA which can be cloned using PCR

Answer 17

genomic and cDNA

Question 18

removing the __ _ OH terminates the addition of new nucleotides

Answer 18

3’

Question 19

four reactions with a small amount of _________ of one base each produces a _____ pattern when seperated on polyacrylamide gel

Answer 19

dideoxynucleotide, ladder

Question 20

complete analysis of all mRNA expression is called

Answer 20

transcriptome

Question 21

hybridization of labeled nucleic acids in cells or in tissues, hybridization signal shows where the particular sequence is expressed

Answer 21

In situ

Question 22

in situ hybridization can also be used to identify ______ genes on a chromosome callled ______ in situ hybridization (FISH)

Answer 22

specific, fluorescent

Question 23

expressing a gene that can be visualized or measured allows ______ of gene expression

Answer 23

analysis

Question 24

why would we examine a phenotype of a loss-of-function gene

Answer 24

to discover how and where the gene functions

Question 25

forcing _______ of a gene often produces a distinct phenotype that can provide insight into gene function

Answer 25

over-expression

Question 26

double standed RNA induces _____ mechanisms for combatting viruses

Answer 26

protective

Question 27

______ ______ cells can perform homologous recombination to replace genes with introduced DNA

Answer 27

embryonic stem

Question 28

DNA ligase knockout phenotype results in ______ ______

Answer 28

premature aging

Question 29

enzyme defective ______ can be used to target DNA sequences and fused with transcription activation or repression domains

Answer 29

Cas9