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PSYC 211 > Chapter 9: PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF SLEEP > Flashcards

Chapter 9: PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF SLEEP Flashcards

1
Q

How is sleep chemically controlled?

A

Body produces sleep-promoting substance accumulated during wakefulness and destroyed during sleep

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2
Q

What does a REM sleep deprivation produce?

A

Independent REM sleep debt

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3
Q

What is the hypothesis on substance release during sleep?

A

There may be two substances, one for each stage of sleep

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4
Q

What is adenosine?

A

A neurotransmitter released by neurons engaged in high levels of metabolic activity.

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5
Q

What role may adenosine may?

A

role in initiation of sleep

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6
Q

What does adenosine do?

A

Accumulates during wakefulness and is reduced during SWS

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7
Q

What does caffeine do to adenosine receptors

A

caffeine blocks adenosine receptors

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8
Q

How is arousal controlled neurologically?

A

circuits of neurons secrete at least five different neurotransmitters involved in animal’s level of arousal

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9
Q

What are the five neurotransmitters that are involved in the level of arousal?

A
  • acetylcholine
  • norepinephrine
  • serotonin
  • histamine
  • orexin
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10
Q

How is acetylcholine organized to regulate arousal?

A

3 groups of ACh, each act in different places

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11
Q

What do the first two group of ACh do?

A

produce activation and cortical desynchrony when activated

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12
Q

Where do the first two groups of Ach act?

A
  • one in the pons

- one in the basal forebrain

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13
Q

What does the third group of ACh neurons do and where does it act?

A
  • controls activity of hippocampus

- located in medial septum

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14
Q

How does the ACh release evolve in the cortex?

A

High during waking, decreases during SWS and increases during REM sleep

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15
Q

How does Ach release evolve in the hippocampus?

A

Medium during waking, decreases during SWS, increases significantly during REM sleep

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16
Q

Ach pathways

A

See with video

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17
Q

What do catecholamine (norepinephrine) agonists produce ?

A

arousal and sleeplessness

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18
Q

What does the locus coeruleus contain?

A

group of NE cells bodies

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19
Q

Where is the locus coeruleus located?

A

in pons near rostral end of floor of the fourth ventricle

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20
Q

What is the function of the locus coeruleus?

A

-Give rise to axons that branch widely
-releases Ne through
neocortex, HIP, thalamus, CC, pons and medulla

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21
Q

What happens when a neuron is activated in LC?

A

increases animal’s vigilance

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22
Q

How does Ne rate of firing evolve through stages of sleep and waking?

A

It is high during waking and decreases as you progress to SWS and REM sleep and then in peaks back up when waking up again

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23
Q

Ne pathways

A

See slide 33+ video

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24
Q

What does serotonin (5-HT) play a role in?

A

plays a role in activating behavior

25
Q

Where are 5-HT neurons found?

A

in raphe nuclei

26
Q

Where do 5-HT axons project to ?

A

thalamus, HYP, basal ganglia, HIP, neocortex.

27
Q

How does 5-HT rate of firing evolve through stages of sleep and waking?

A

3 spikes/sec during active waking, decreases as you progress through SWS and peaks back up when reaching REM sleep

28
Q

5-HT pathways

A

see slide 36 and video

29
Q

What is the role of histamine?

A

Fourth NT implicated in control of wakefulness and arousal

30
Q

What is histamine synthesized from?

A

compound synthesized from amino acid histidine

31
Q

Where is histamine found?

A

in tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)

32
Q

What is the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)?

A

Nucleus in ventral posterior HYP, just rostral to mammillary bodies

33
Q

What type of orexin activity was observed in rats during sleep or waking?

A
  • Orexin neurons fired at high rate in rats during alert or active waking
  • Highest rate of firing seen during exploratory activity.
  • Low rate during quiet waking, SWS, and REM sleep.
34
Q

What is narcolepsy most often treated with?

A

modafinil

35
Q

How does orexin and histamine rate of firing evolve through stages of sleep and waking?

A

High during waking, decreases as you progress to SWS and REM sleep, low during SWS and REM sleep, goes back up when waking up again.

36
Q

Summary of chemical control

A

See slide 40

37
Q

What three factors is sleep controlled by?

A
  • control of sleep is homeostatic
  • conscious attempt to control sleep is allostatic
  • circadian factors restrict sleep to a/ night cycle
38
Q

What does homeostatic mean?

A

Any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival.

39
Q

What does allostatic mean?

A

the process of maintaining homeostasis through the adaptive change of the organism’s internal environment to meet perceived and anticipated demands.

40
Q

What does the sleep/Waking flip-flop control once we fall asleep?

A

controls our cycles of REM sleep and SWS.

41
Q

sleep waking flip flop

A

See diagrams slide 44-45

42
Q

How do orexinergic neurons control SWS?

A

they receive inhibitory input from the vlPOA

43
Q

How does sleep occur in regards to orexinergic neurons?

A
  • sleep signals arise from accumulation of adenosine
  • eventually overcome excitatory input to orexinergic neurons
  • sleep occurs
44
Q

What do acetylcholinergic neurons do?

A
  • Play important role in cerebral activation during alert wakefulness
  • Are involved in neocortical activation that accompanies REM sleep
45
Q

How high is the rate of cerebral metabolism during REM sleep and waking?

A

As high during REM sleep and waking

46
Q

How would level of physical activity be during REM sleep without state of paralysis?

A

level of physical activity would also be high

47
Q

According to previous findings, what do ACh neurons of dorsal pons serve as in REM sleep?

A

Serve as trigger mechanism that initiates period of REM sleep.

48
Q

What does recent research suggest that REM sleep is controlled by?

A

controlled by activity of flip-flop whose elements do not include ACh neurons.

49
Q

What does the REM flip-flop consist of?

A

REM-ON neurons and REM-OFF neurons

50
Q

Where are REM-ON neurons situated?

A

Sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD)

51
Q

Where are REM-OFF neurons situated?

A

Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG)

52
Q

Where is the peribrachial area situated?

A

Region around brachium conjunctivum, located in dorsolateral pons.

53
Q

What does the peribrachial area do?

A

Contains ACh neurons involved in initiation of REM sleep

54
Q

How does a REM-ON cell fire through waking, SWS and REM sleep?

A

Almost 0 firing during waking and SWS, slowly increases during Pre-REM sleep, very high firing during REM sleep

55
Q

REM sleep flip flop diagram

A

See slide 52

56
Q

Control of components of REM sleep by the REM-ON region

A

see diagram slide 53

57
Q

According do investigators, what does a loss of orexinergic neurons result in?

A

Removes an inhibitory influence of HYP on AMYG

58
Q

What could increased AMYG activity account for?

A
  • At least in part

- Increased activity of REM-ON neurons that occurs even during waking in people with cataplexy

59
Q

Humour and narcolepsy diagram

A

slide 56

PSYC 211 (45 decks)

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