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PSYC 211 > Chapter 3: STRUCTURES AND FUNCTION OF THE CNS > Flashcards

Chapter 3: STRUCTURES AND FUNCTION OF THE CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the forebrain?

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

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2
Q

What does the telencephalon include?

A
  • Most of 2 symmetrical cerebral hemispheres, which make up the cerebrum
  • Principal structures of the cerebrum: cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
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3
Q

What is the cerebral cortex what is it’s appearance?

A
  • surrounds the cerebral hemispheres
  • Appears folded, convoluted: it has sulci (small grooves), fissures (large grooves) and gyri (bulges between adjecent sulci or fissures)
  • Enables it to be wider but more concentrated
  • Has a grey appearance (gray matter): because cell bodies predominate.
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4
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex? (see diagrams for locations)

A
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • occipital lobe
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5
Q

What are the three areas of the cerebral cortex that receive information from the sensory organs?

A

The whole is called the sensory cortex and consists of three areas:

  • primary visual cortex
  • primary auditory cortex
  • primary somatosensory cortex
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6
Q

What are the functions of the three parts of the sensory cortex?

A
  • Primary visual cortex: receives visual information
  • Primary auditory cortex: receives auditory information
  • Primary somatosensory cortex: receives information from the body senses except olfaction and gustation
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7
Q

What is the sensory association cortex and what does it do?

A
  • Associates sensation and action: perceiving, learning, remembering, planning, acting.
  • Receives information from primary sensory areas
  • Rostral region: movement-related activities.
  • Caudal region: perceiving and learning.
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8
Q

What happens if someone has damage to the somatosensory association cortex?

A
  • Deficits related to somatosensation and the environment in general
  • ex: difficulty perceiving the shape of an object they touch (but they can if they just look at it), trouble drawing maps or following them
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9
Q

What does the primary motor cortex do ?

A
  • movement
  • located in front of the primary somatosensory cortex
  • neurons in different parts of body connected to different locations of the motor cortex
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10
Q

What does the motor association cortex do? (also called premotor cortex)

A
  • planning and execution of movements

- located rostral to the primary motor cortex

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11
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex do?

A
  • region of the fontal lobe rostral to the motor association cortex
  • formulation of plans and strategies
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12
Q

What does lateralization in the cerebral cortex mean?

A
  • the 2 hemispheres cooperate, but do not perform the same functions
  • Some functions are lateralized, located primarly on one side of the brain
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13
Q

What is the left hemisphere specialized in?

A
  • analysis of information
  • good at recognizing serial events and controlling sequences of behavior
  • example: talking, understanding speeches, reading, writing.
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14
Q

What is the right hemisphere specialized in ?

A

-synthesis: putting isolated elements together, perceiving things as a whole.

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15
Q

What does the corpus callosum do ?

A
  • connects the right and left hemispheres

- perception and memories unification

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16
Q

What is the limbic system formed of?

A
  • limbic cortex (includes the cingulate gyrus)
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
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17
Q

What is the fornix?

A

-bundle of axons that connects the hippocampus to other regions of the brain including the mammillary bodies

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18
Q

What are the mammillary bodies?

A

-protrusions on the base of the brain that contain part of the hypothalamus.

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19
Q

What is the role of the limbic system?

A

-learning, memory and emotions

20
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A
  • Collection of nuclei below the cortex

- nuclei= groups of neurons of similar shape

21
Q

What are the three main parts of the basal ganglia, and what is its function?

A
  • 3 parts: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus palladius

- Involved in control of movement (ex: Parkinson’s)

22
Q

What is the diencephalon and what are it’s 2 major structures?

A
  • second major division of forebrain that surrounds the third ventricle
  • Thalamus and hypothalamus
23
Q

How does the thalamus work what is its function?

A
  • has two lobes
  • Divided into several nuclei
  • Most neural input to the cerebral cortex is received from the thalamus.
  • Projects information to specific regions of cerebral cortex and receives information from it
24
Q

What are examples of thalamic nuclei and what are their functions?

A
  • lateral geniculate nucleus: receives information from the eye and sends axons to the primary visual cortex
  • medial geniculate nucleus: receives information from the inner ear and sends axons to the primary auditory cortex
  • ventrolateral nuclei: receives information from the cerebellum and projects it to the primary motor cortex.
25
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A
  • Controls the ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) and the endocrine system
  • Organizes behaviors related to the survival of species (fighting, escape, eating, and reproduction)
26
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

An X-shaped connection between the optic nerves, located below the base of the brain, just anterior to the pituitary gland.

27
Q

What is the anterior pituitary gland?

A

endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones.

28
Q

How are hypothalamic hormones produced?

A

-Secreted by neurosecretory cells.

29
Q

What is the posterior pituitary gland and how does it work?

A
  • endocrine gland that contains hormone-secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie within the hypothalamus
  • secretes oxytocin and vasopressin (secretion controlled by the hypothalamus)
30
Q

What are the functions of oxytocin and vasopressin?

A

-number of different physiological and behavioral functions such as pair bonding and parental behavior.

31
Q

How is the midbrain (also called mesencephalon) structured?

A

The tectum and the tegmentum

32
Q

How is the tectum structured?

A
  • located on the dorsal portion of the mesencephalon

- 2 principal structures: superior colliculi and inferior colliculi

33
Q

What are the functions of the superior and inferior colliculi?

A
  • superior: part of the visual system

- inferior: part of the auditory system

34
Q

What does the tegmentum consist of?

A
  • Portion of the mesencephalon beneath the tectum
  • Includes:
  • the rostral end of the reticular
  • several nuclei controlling eye movement
  • the periaqueductal gray matter
  • the red nucleus
  • the substantia nigra
  • the ventral tegmental area
35
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A
  • large structure consisting of many nuclei
  • receives sensory info by various pathways and projects axons to the cerebral cortex, thalamus and spinal cord.
  • Plays a role in sleep, arousal, attention, muscle tone, movement and various vital reflexes.
36
Q

What is the periaqueductal gray matter?

A

-contains neural circuits involved in species-typical behavior such as fighting or mating.

37
Q

What is the red nucleus?

A

-large nucleus of the midbrain that receives input from the cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to motor neurons in the spinal cord

38
Q

What is the substantia nigra?

A

A darkly stained region of the tegmentum that contains neurons that communicate with the caudate nucleus and putamen in the basal ganglia.

39
Q

How is the cerebellum structured?

A
  • covered by cerebellar cortex
  • has a set of deep cerebellar nuclei (receives projections from cerebellar cortex and send projections to other parts of the brain)
  • each hemisphere attached to the pons by 3 bundles of axons : superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles
40
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A
  • receives visual, auditory, vestibular, and somatosensory information.
  • receives information about individual muscles movements
  • exerts a coordinating and smoothing effect on the movements
41
Q

What does cerebellar damage result in ?

A

jerky, poorly coordinated, exaggerated movements, and even difficulties to stand.

42
Q

What does the pons do ?

A
  • contains part of the reticular formation, including nuclei important for sleep and arousal.
  • contains a large nucleus that relays information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum
43
Q

What is the medulla oblongata?

A
  • Main structure of the myelencephalon
  • contains part of the reticular formation including nuclei that controls vital functions (regulation of the cardiovascular system, respiration, skeletal muscle tone)
44
Q

How is the spinal cord structured?

A
  • Protected by a vertebral column: composed of 24 vertebrae
  • 2/3 as long as vertebral column
  • Other 1/3 is filled by spinal roots composing the cauda equina.
45
Q

What are the different types of vertebrae?

A
  • cervical (neck)
  • thoracic (chest)
  • lumbar (lower back)
  • sacral and coccygeal (fused vertebrae located in the pelvic region)
46
Q

What is a caudal block?

A

The anesthesia and paralysis of the lower part of the body produced by injection of a local anesthetic into the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the cauda equina.

47
Q

What are the functions of the spinal cord?

A
  • distributes motor fibers to the effector organs of the body (glands and muscles)
  • collects somatosensory information for the brain
  • contains some reflex circuits

PSYC 211 (45 decks)

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