Chapter 10: HORMONAL CONTROL OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

Question 1

What do hormones regulate?

Answer 1

physiological processes

Question 2

What are sex hormones called?

Answer 2

steroids

Question 3

What releases sex hormones?

Answer 3

Endocrine gland

Question 4

By what are endocrine glands regulated?

Answer 4

Pituitary gland

Question 5

What affect the function of a hormone?

Answer 5

Hormone structure

Question 6

What is the male hormone?

Answer 6

Testosterone T

Question 7

What is the female hormone?

Answer 7

Estradiol E2

Question 8

What is estrogen E2 composed of?

Answer 8

T (androgen) and aromatase

Question 9

what are the main sex hormones?

Answer 9

-Androgens, estrogens, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 10

Can oxytocin and vasopressin be considered sex hormones?

Answer 10

• YES

- either lead to or result from sexual activity

Question 11

Where are sex steroids made and secreted?

Answer 11

-By the gonads (testes and ovaries)

Question 12

Where are sex steroids synthesized ?

Answer 12

-adrenal glands and adipose tissue

Question 13

slide 40

Answer 13

Classification fo sex steroid hormones

Question 14

How does the brain connect with the reproductive system?

Answer 14

With the HPG axis

Question 15

How do the pituitary and the hypothalamus communicate with each other and the gonads?

Answer 15

via hormones

Question 16

how is testosterone secreted in males?

Answer 16

LH binds to cells inside the testes and causes them t secrete testosterone.

Question 17

What does FSH do by stimulating other cells?

Answer 17

-stimulate other cells which release androgen-binding proteins and promotes testosterone binding

Question 18

What does the interaction of the HPG axis do in women?

Answer 18

regulates menstruation and the reproductive cycle

Question 19

What does the FSH and LH feedback loop do? in women

Answer 19

-activates the ovarian cycle

Question 20

How is the menstrual cycle regulated and affected?

Answer 20

• Regulated by GnRH and

- affected directly by changes in levels of estrogen and progesterone.

Question 21

Are humans the only species who have menstrual cycles?

Answer 21

• Nearly only

- other mammals have estrous cycles.

Question 22

What are the primary features that distinguish menstrual cycles from estrous cycles?

Answer 22

• monthly growth and loss of the lining of the uterus
• estrous cycle of other mammals can be shorter
• sexual behavior of female mammals with estrous cycles is linked to ovulation whereas most female primates can mate at any time during their menstrual cycle

Question 23

What are the four phases of a menstrual cycle?

Answer 23

• follicular phase: proliferative phase or preovulatory phase
• ovulation
• luteal phase: secretory phase or postovulatory phase
• menstruation

Question 24

What happens during the follicular phase?

Answer 24

• secretion of gonadotropins (FSH), by the anterior pituitary gland
• stimulates growth of follicles in the ovaries
• one follicle begins to ripen and brings an egg to fertility
• follicle secretes estrogen (estradiol)

Question 25

What happens during ovulation? and what is it caused by

Answer 25

- caused by LH surge | - follicle ruptures open and releases the ripened egg

Question 26

What happens during the luteal phase

Answer 26

- Ruptured follicle turns into the corpus luteum - corpus luteum produces progesterone - progesterone promotes pregnancy

Question 27

What happens during menstruation?

Answer 27

- ovum has not met any sperm cell | - shedding of the inner lining of the uterus

Question 28

Back to the follicular phase after menstruation, what happens?

Answer 28

-endometrium proliferates

Question 29

Back to luteal phase after menstruation, what happens?

Answer 29

-progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum stimulates the glands of the endometrium to start secreting the nourishing substances.

Question 29

Back to luteal phase after menstruation, what happens?

Answer 29

-progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum stimulates the glands of the endometrium to start secreting the nourishing substances.

Question 30

How long does an average normal menstrual cycle last?

Answer 30

28 days

Question 31

From what day to what day does menstruation last?

Answer 31

-Day 1 to day 4 or 5

Question 32

From what day to what day does the follicular phase last?

Answer 32

-Day 5 to day 13

Question 33

From what day to what day does ovulation last?

Answer 33

occur on day 14

Question 34

From what day to what day does the luteal phase last?

Answer 34

From day 15 to the end of the cycle

Question 35

what hormone does sexual behavior depend on in male animals?

Answer 35

- testosterone | - oxytocin also plays a role

Question 36

What is the refractory period ?

Answer 36

Period of time after a particular action (for example, an ejaculation by a male during which action cannot occur again.

Question 37

What role does oxytocin play in male sexual behaviour?

Answer 37

- released during orgasm - appears to contribute to the contractions of the smooth muscle in the male ejaculator system - same for female+ role in lactation

Question 38

What hormones does sexual behavior in female mammals depend on?

Answer 38

-estradiol and progesterone

Question 39

When do levels of estradiol and progesterone increase in female mammals?

Answer 39

- increase just before onset of the receptive period | - levels decrease after ovulation

Question 40

What is lordosis response ?

Answer 40

- Happens during the estrus (beginning of the estrous cycle) - A spinal reflex seen in many four-legged female mammals. Arching of the back in response to approach of a male or to touching the flanks, which elevates the hindquarters.

Question 41

What is receptivity?

Answer 41

Females' ability and willingness to copulate by displaying lordosis when a male attempts to mount her.

Question 42

What is proceptivity?

Answer 42

Females' interest in copulation, as shown by seeking out a male and engaging in behaviors that tend to increase his sexual interest

Question 43

What is attractiveness?

Answer 43

Physiological and behavioral changes in the female that affect the male.

Question 44

Slide 53

Answer 44

Organizational effects of testosterone.

Question 45

How is a woman's sexual interest, behaviour and physiology influenced?

Answer 45

- ovarian hormones | - androgens

Question 46

What effect does T have on the sexual behaviour of men?

Answer 46

-activational effect

Question 47

How can T levels be affected in men?

Answer 47

- sexual activity | - thinking about it

Question 48

What happens when a rodent's brain is not exposed to androgens during a critical period of development?

Answer 48

the animal will engage in female sexual behavior as an adult

Question 49

What happens when a rodent brain is exposed to androgens during development ?

Answer 49

- behavioral defeminization | - behavioural masculinization

Question 50

What is behavioral defeminization?

Answer 50

organizational effects of androgens that prevents the animal from displaying female sexual behaviour in adulthood

Question 51

What is a pheromone?

Answer 51

A chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior or physiology of another animal; usually smelled or tasted.

Question 52

What sensory organ are the effects of pheromones mediated by?

Answer 52

the vomeronasal organ

Question 53

where does the VNO project to?

Answer 53

accessory olfactory bulb

Question 54

What are pheromones produced by?

Answer 54

apocrine glands in the armpit and the pubic areas.

Question 55

What is the McClintock effect?

Answer 55

Menstrual pheromones cause women to develop menstrual synchrony

Question 56

What is androstadienone?

Answer 56

- a steroid hormones found in men's sweat | - seems to increase blood flow to regions of women's brains that are tied to sexual behaviour in animals.

Question 57

What is the Lee-Boot effect?

Answer 57

Estrous cycles stop in groups of female rodents living together.

Question 58

What is the Whitten Effect?

Answer 58

Groups of female rodents who are not cycling are exposed to male urine and begin cycling synchronously

Question 59

What is the Vandenbergh effect?

Answer 59

Acceleration of onset of puberty in female rodents exposed to odor of male

Question 60

What is the Bruce effect?

Answer 60

Exposure to urine of novel male results in failure of pregnancy in newly pregnant female.