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PSYC 211 > Chapter 10: HORMONAL CONTROL OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR > Flashcards

Chapter 10: HORMONAL CONTROL OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR Flashcards

1
Q

What do hormones regulate?

A

physiological processes

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2
Q

What are sex hormones called?

A

steroids

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3
Q

What releases sex hormones?

A

Endocrine gland

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4
Q

By what are endocrine glands regulated?

A

Pituitary gland

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5
Q

What affect the function of a hormone?

A

Hormone structure

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6
Q

What is the male hormone?

A

Testosterone T

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7
Q

What is the female hormone?

A

Estradiol E2

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8
Q

What is estrogen E2 composed of?

A

T (androgen) and aromatase

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9
Q

what are the main sex hormones?

A

-Androgens, estrogens, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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10
Q

Can oxytocin and vasopressin be considered sex hormones?

A
  • YES

- either lead to or result from sexual activity

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11
Q

Where are sex steroids made and secreted?

A

-By the gonads (testes and ovaries)

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12
Q

Where are sex steroids synthesized ?

A

-adrenal glands and adipose tissue

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13
Q

slide 40

A

Classification fo sex steroid hormones

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14
Q

How does the brain connect with the reproductive system?

A

With the HPG axis

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15
Q

How do the pituitary and the hypothalamus communicate with each other and the gonads?

A

via hormones

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16
Q

how is testosterone secreted in males?

A

LH binds to cells inside the testes and causes them t secrete testosterone.

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17
Q

What does FSH do by stimulating other cells?

A

-stimulate other cells which release androgen-binding proteins and promotes testosterone binding

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18
Q

What does the interaction of the HPG axis do in women?

A

regulates menstruation and the reproductive cycle

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19
Q

What does the FSH and LH feedback loop do? in women

A

-activates the ovarian cycle

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20
Q

How is the menstrual cycle regulated and affected?

A
  • Regulated by GnRH and

- affected directly by changes in levels of estrogen and progesterone.

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21
Q

Are humans the only species who have menstrual cycles?

A
  • Nearly only

- other mammals have estrous cycles.

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22
Q

What are the primary features that distinguish menstrual cycles from estrous cycles?

A
  • monthly growth and loss of the lining of the uterus
  • estrous cycle of other mammals can be shorter
  • sexual behavior of female mammals with estrous cycles is linked to ovulation whereas most female primates can mate at any time during their menstrual cycle
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23
Q

What are the four phases of a menstrual cycle?

A
  • follicular phase: proliferative phase or preovulatory phase
  • ovulation
  • luteal phase: secretory phase or postovulatory phase
  • menstruation
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24
Q

What happens during the follicular phase?

A
  • secretion of gonadotropins (FSH), by the anterior pituitary gland
  • stimulates growth of follicles in the ovaries
  • one follicle begins to ripen and brings an egg to fertility
  • follicle secretes estrogen (estradiol)
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25
Q

What happens during ovulation? and what is it caused by

A
  • caused by LH surge

- follicle ruptures open and releases the ripened egg

26
Q

What happens during the luteal phase

A
  • Ruptured follicle turns into the corpus luteum
  • corpus luteum produces progesterone
  • progesterone promotes pregnancy
27
Q

What happens during menstruation?

A
  • ovum has not met any sperm cell

- shedding of the inner lining of the uterus

28
Q

Back to the follicular phase after menstruation, what happens?

A

-endometrium proliferates

29
Q

Back to luteal phase after menstruation, what happens?

A

-progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum stimulates the glands of the endometrium to start secreting the nourishing substances.

29
Q

Back to luteal phase after menstruation, what happens?

A

-progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum stimulates the glands of the endometrium to start secreting the nourishing substances.

30
Q

How long does an average normal menstrual cycle last?

A

28 days

31
Q

From what day to what day does menstruation last?

A

-Day 1 to day 4 or 5

32
Q

From what day to what day does the follicular phase last?

A

-Day 5 to day 13

33
Q

From what day to what day does ovulation last?

A

occur on day 14

34
Q

From what day to what day does the luteal phase last?

A

From day 15 to the end of the cycle

35
Q

what hormone does sexual behavior depend on in male animals?

A
  • testosterone

- oxytocin also plays a role

36
Q

What is the refractory period ?

A

Period of time after a particular action (for example, an ejaculation by a male during which action cannot occur again.

37
Q

What role does oxytocin play in male sexual behaviour?

A
  • released during orgasm
  • appears to contribute to the contractions of the smooth muscle in the male ejaculator system
  • same for female+ role in lactation
38
Q

What hormones does sexual behavior in female mammals depend on?

A

-estradiol and progesterone

39
Q

When do levels of estradiol and progesterone increase in female mammals?

A
  • increase just before onset of the receptive period

- levels decrease after ovulation

40
Q

What is lordosis response ?

A
  • Happens during the estrus (beginning of the estrous cycle)
  • A spinal reflex seen in many four-legged female mammals. Arching of the back in response to approach of a male or to touching the flanks, which elevates the hindquarters.
41
Q

What is receptivity?

A

Females’ ability and willingness to copulate by displaying lordosis when a male attempts to mount her.

42
Q

What is proceptivity?

A

Females’ interest in copulation, as shown by seeking out a male and engaging in behaviors that tend to increase his sexual interest

43
Q

What is attractiveness?

A

Physiological and behavioral changes in the female that affect the male.

44
Q

Slide 53

A

Organizational effects of testosterone.

45
Q

How is a woman’s sexual interest, behaviour and physiology influenced?

A
  • ovarian hormones

- androgens

46
Q

What effect does T have on the sexual behaviour of men?

A

-activational effect

47
Q

How can T levels be affected in men?

A
  • sexual activity

- thinking about it

48
Q

What happens when a rodent’s brain is not exposed to androgens during a critical period of development?

A

the animal will engage in female sexual behavior as an adult

49
Q

What happens when a rodent brain is exposed to androgens during development ?

A
  • behavioral defeminization

- behavioural masculinization

50
Q

What is behavioral defeminization?

A

organizational effects of androgens that prevents the animal from displaying female sexual behaviour in adulthood

51
Q

What is a pheromone?

A

A chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior or physiology of another animal; usually smelled or tasted.

52
Q

What sensory organ are the effects of pheromones mediated by?

A

the vomeronasal organ

53
Q

where does the VNO project to?

A

accessory olfactory bulb

54
Q

What are pheromones produced by?

A

apocrine glands in the armpit and the pubic areas.

55
Q

What is the McClintock effect?

A

Menstrual pheromones cause women to develop menstrual synchrony

56
Q

What is androstadienone?

A
  • a steroid hormones found in men’s sweat

- seems to increase blood flow to regions of women’s brains that are tied to sexual behaviour in animals.

57
Q

What is the Lee-Boot effect?

A

Estrous cycles stop in groups of female rodents living together.

58
Q

What is the Whitten Effect?

A

Groups of female rodents who are not cycling are exposed to male urine and begin cycling synchronously

59
Q

What is the Vandenbergh effect?

A

Acceleration of onset of puberty in female rodents exposed to odor of male

60
Q

What is the Bruce effect?

A

Exposure to urine of novel male results in failure of pregnancy in newly pregnant female.

PSYC 211 (45 decks)

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