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PSYC 211 > Chapter 5: EXPERIMENTAL ABLATION > Flashcards

Chapter 5: EXPERIMENTAL ABLATION Flashcards

1
Q

What are lesions studies?

A

Experiments in which

  • part of brain is damaged
  • individual’s behavior is subsequently observed
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2
Q

What are the purposes of lesion studies?

2 of them

A
  • discover what functions are performed by different regions of the brain
  • understand how these functions are combined to accomplish particular behaviors
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3
Q

What are three ways you can cause brain lesions experimentally?

A
  • RF current
  • Excitotoxic lesion
  • Sham lesions
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4
Q

What does damage by RF current consist of?

A

passing radio-frequency current through brain tissues

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5
Q

What do RF lesions destroy?

A

-cell bodies, axons and terminals in the region of the electrode

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6
Q

What does excitotoxic lesion consist of?

A

Lesion produced by intracerebral injection of an excitatory amino acid such as kainic acid.

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7
Q

What does excitotoxic lesion destroy?

A

cell bodies in the region where the chemical is injected.

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8
Q

What do researchers use Sham lesions for?

A

to control for the brain lesions caused solely by the damage of the surgery process.

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9
Q

What do sham lesions consist of ?

A
  • placebo procedure
  • do the same as other procedure but don’t activate the cell destroyer just do the first few steps that cause the inevitable brain damage.
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10
Q

What is the easiest method to cause temporary brain damage rather than permanent?

A

-inject local anesthetic muscimol: blocks action potential in the region being lesioned, stimulates GABA receptors.

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11
Q

What is a stereotaxic atlas?

A

collection of drawings of frontal sections of the brain of a particular animal with measurements that provide coordinates for stereotaxic surgery.

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12
Q

What is stereotaxic surgery?

A

brain surgery using a stereotaxic apparatus to position an electrode or cannula in a specified position of the brain.

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13
Q

What do we call sutures in the brain ?

A

Seams that are formed by several bones of the skull that grow together

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14
Q

What is bregma?

A
  • called the fontanelle in babies, soft spot
  • junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures
  • often used as a reference point for stereotaxic brain surgery
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15
Q

What is a stereotaxic apparatus?

A

Device that permits a surgeon to position an electrode or cannula into a specific part of the brain

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16
Q

What is a stereotaxic apparatus used for?

A
  • For different species (can be scale up or down to adapt)

- Used in brain surgeries and deep brain stimulation

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17
Q

What does deep brain stimulation consist of?

A
  • A technique using stereotaxic surgery to implant a permanent electrode in the brain
  • Used to treat chronic pain, movement disorders, epilepsy, depression, and OCD.
18
Q

Why do we have to use a fixative before sectioning the brain?

A
  • To protect from autolytic (self-dissolving) enzymes

- Preserve against decomposition by bacteria or molds.

19
Q

What is the most commonly used fixative ?

A

Formalin

20
Q

What is slicing done with?

A
  • microtome

- cryostat

21
Q

What is a microtome?

A

Instrument that produces very thin slices of body tissues.

22
Q

What is a cryostat?

A

An instrument that produces very thin slices of body tissues inside a freezer chamber.

23
Q

What type of staining is needed to visualize cell structures?

A

special histological stains

24
Q

What stain do alot of researchers use?

A

cell-body stain

25
Q

what are two examples of dyes that stain cell-bodies?

A

-methylene blue
-cresyl violet
They stain all cells, not just neural cells.

26
Q

What is an immunocytochemical method?

A

A histological method that uses radioactive antibodies or antibodies bound with a dye molecule to indicate the presence of particular proteins of peptides.

27
Q

What is a transmission electron microscope?

A
  • A microscope that passes a focused beam of electrons through thin slices of tissue to reveal extremely small details.
  • it allows to see very small anatomical structures such as synaptic vesicles and details of cell organelles.
28
Q

What is a scanning electron microscope?

A
  • provides three-dimensional information about the shape of the surface of a small object
  • HOW: scans the object with a thin beam of electrons.
29
Q

What does confocal laser scanning microscopy allow?

A
  • see details inside thick sections of tissue or in upper layers of tissue in a living brain
  • cells are stained with a fluorescent dye
30
Q

What is a confocal laser scanning microscope?

A

-provides high-resolution images of various depths of thick tissue that contains fluorescent molecules by scanning the tissue with light from a laser beam.

31
Q

What are researchers trying to understand by tracing efferent axons ?

A
  • trying to understand the destination of a neural pathway

- HOW: by identifying where cells in a brain region send their axons and terminals

32
Q

What method is used for tracing efferent axons?

A

anterograde labeling method

33
Q

What does the anterograde labeling method consist of ?

A
  • method that labels the axons and terminal buttons of neurons whose cell bodies are located in a particular region
  • HOW: employs chemicals that are taken up by dendrites or cell bodies and then transported through the axons toward the terminal buttons.
34
Q

What are researchers trying to understand by tracing afferent neurons?

A

-Discover parts of the brain involved in the “upstream” components of neural circuitry.

35
Q

What does the retrograde labeling method consist of?

A
  • labels cell bodies that give rise to terminal buttons that form synapses with cells in a particular region
  • HOW: employs chemicals that are taken up by terminal buttons and carried backward through the axons toward the cell bodies
36
Q

What is the goal of transneuronal tracing methods?

A

-to discover circuits of interconnected neurons

37
Q

What do transneuronal tracing methods exactly do?

A
  • identify a series of neurons that form serial synaptic connections with each other, either in an anterograde or retrograde direction
  • they involve infecting specific neurons with weakened forms of rabies or herpes viruses.
38
Q

What are the three main noninvasive methods used?

A
  • computerized tomography (CT)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  • Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
39
Q

What does computerized tomography consist of?

A
  • device that employs a computer to analyse data obtained by a scanning beam of X-rays
  • produces a two-dimensional picture of a “slice” through the body
40
Q

What does magnetic resonance imaging consist of?

A
  • accurate images in interior of body

- HOW: involves the interaction between radio waves and a strong magnetic field.

41
Q

What does diffusion tensor imaging consist of?

A

-imaging method that uses a modified MRI scanner to reveal bundles of myelinated axons in the living human brain.

PSYC 211 (45 decks)

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