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PSYC 211 > Chapter 10: SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT > Flashcards

Chapter 10: SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT Flashcards

1
Q

What a sexually dimorphic behavior?

A

A behaviour that has different forms or that occurs with different probabilities or under different circumstances in males and females.

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2
Q

What is intersex?

A

A variety of combinations of biologically male and female characteristics, such as an individual born with external female genitalia and internal male sex organs.

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3
Q

What does the process of meiosis do?

A
  • production of gametes (ova and sperms)

- Produces cells that contain on set of each of the pairs of chromosomes

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4
Q

What happens at the time of fertilization?

A
  • A person’s genetic sex is determined

- A single sperm and ovum join, sharing their 23 single chromosomes to reconstitute the 23 pairs.

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5
Q

How does the determination of genetic sex happen?

A
  • 22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes determine the organism’s physical development independent of its sex.
  • Last pair consists of 2 sex chromosomes which contain genes that determine the sex.
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6
Q

What pair of sex chromosomes do genetic females have?

A
  • XX

- All ova of a female contain an X chromosome

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7
Q

What pair of sex chromosomes does a male have?

A
  • XY
  • Some sperms contain an X some others contain a Y
  • A Y-bearing sperm produces a XY ovum so a male.
  • A X-bearing sperm produces a XX ovum do a female.
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8
Q

What do the Y chromosomes control in genetic sexual development?

A

the development of the glands that produce the male sex hormones.

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9
Q

What are the three general categories of sex organs?

A

Gonads, internal sex organs and external genitalia.

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10
Q

What are the first sex organs to develop?

A

Gonads (testes or ovaries)

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11
Q

What is the dual function of the gonads?

A
  • produce ova or sperms

- secrete hormones

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12
Q

At which week of prenatal development do foetuses start to form their gonads?

A

6th week

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13
Q

What factor controls the development of gonads?

A
  • The SRY gene, a single gene on the Y chromosomes
  • It acts only when the the undifferentiated gonad is to become testes.
  • If the SRY gene is not present, the testes is to become ovaries.
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14
Q

In what case can a XX male be produced?

A

-SRY gene becomes translocated from the Y chromosome to the X chromosome.

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15
Q

What are the organizational effects of reproductive hormones?

A
  • The effect of a hormone on tissue differentiation and development of sex organs and brain.
  • Permanent effect
  • Persist throughout person’s life
  • Effects occur during prenatal period
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16
Q

What are the activational effects of sex hormones?

A
  • Different effects for each sex
  • Occurs at puberty
  • May depend on organisms prior exposure to the organizational effects of hormones
  • Not permanent.
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17
Q

How can we characterize the internal sex organs in early embryonic development?

A
  • bisexual
  • embryos contain precursors for both male and female sex organs
  • 3rd month of gestation: only 1 precursor develops.
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18
Q

What is the precursor of the internal female sex organs?

A

Müllerian system

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19
Q

What the Müllerian system develop into?

A
  • fimbriae
  • fallopian tubes
  • uterus
  • inner two-thirds of the vagina
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20
Q

What is the precursor of the internal male sex organs?

A

Wolffian system

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21
Q

What does the Wolffian system develop into?

A

epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles.

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22
Q

What does the development of internal sex organs of a foetus depend on?

A

presence or absence of hormones that are secreted by the testes.

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23
Q

What are the two types of hormones secreted by testes?

A
  • peptide hormone: anti-Müllerian hormone

- set of steroid hormones: androgens

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24
Q

What does the anti-Müllerian hormone do?

A

prevents Müllerian system from developing

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25
Q

What do androgens do?

A
  • stimulates the development of the Wolffian system

- masculinizing effect

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26
Q

what are the two androgens responsible for masculinization?

A
  • testosterone

- dihydrotestosterone

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27
Q

How is testosterone converted into dihydrotestosterone?

A

enzyme called 5a reductase

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28
Q

How is the growth of epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles promoted in the Wolffian system?

A
  • androgen receptors coupled to cellular mechanisms that promote growth and division
  • molecules of androgens bind to these receptors
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29
Q

What two genetic disorders illustrate the fact that the internal sex organs of the human embryo could develop as either male or female?

A
  • androgen insensitivity syndrome

- persistent Müllerian duct syndrome

30
Q

What is the cause of androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

congenital lack of functioning androgen receptors

31
Q

What does androgen insensitivity syndrome cause in a person with XY chromosomes?

A
  • development of a female with testes but no internal organs

- secrete both anti-Müllerian hormones and androgens

32
Q

What is persistent Müllerian duct syndrome caused by?

A

-failure to produce anti-Müllerian hormone, or absence of receptors for this hormone

33
Q

What happens when persistent Müllerian duct syndrome occurs in genetic males?

A
  • androgens have their masculinizing effect
  • defeminization does not occur
  • person is born with both sets of internal sex organs
34
Q

What is the Turner syndrome ?

A

-presence of only one sex chromosome X.

35
Q

What is the Turner syndrome characterized by?

A

-lack of ovaries but normal female sex organs

36
Q

Does the external genitalia require female sex hormones to become female?

A

No (eg. Turner syndrome)

37
Q

In what condition will the external genitalia become male?

A

presence of dihydrotestosterone

38
Q

What does the development of a person’s external genitalia depend on?

A

The presence or absence of an androgen.

39
Q

Figure 10.4

A

summary

40
Q

What do the primary sex characteristics include?

A

gonads, internal sex organs, external genitalia.

41
Q

What do the secondary sex characteristics include?

A
  • enlarged breasts, widened hips or beard and deep voice

- influenced by the activational effects of hormones and do not appear until puberty.

42
Q

When does the onset of puberty occur?

A
  • when cells in the hypothalamus secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH)
  • stimulates the production and release of gonadotropic hormones by anterior pituitary gland
  • stimulate gonads that produce their hormones which are responsible for sexual maturation.
43
Q

what is the gonadotropic releasing hormone?

A

Hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropic hormone.

44
Q

What is a gonadotropic hormone?

A

A hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that has a stimulating effect on cells of the gonads.

45
Q

What are the two gonadotropic hormones?

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)

- luteinizing hormone (LH)

46
Q

What does the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do ?

A

The hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes development of an ovarian follicle and the maturation of an ovum.

47
Q

What does the luteinizing hormone do?

A

A hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes ovulation and the development of the ovarian follicle into a corpus luteum.

48
Q

What is kisspeptin?

A
  • A peptide produced by neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus under the control of leptin receptors.
  • controls the secretion of GnRH
  • essential for initiation of puberty and maintenance of reproductive ability.
49
Q

What steroid sex hormone do ovaries produce?

A
  • estradiol

- part of estrogens (class of hormones)

50
Q

What steroid sex hormones do testes produce?

A
  • testosterone

- part of androgens

51
Q

What does estradiol cause in females?

A

breast development, growth of the lining of the uterus, changes in the disposition of body fat, maturation of the female genitalia

52
Q

What does androgen do in males?

A
  • stimulates growth of facial, axillary (underarm) and pubic hair
  • lowers the voice
  • alters the hairlines on he head
  • stimulates muscular development
  • causes genital growth
53
Q

Table 10.2

A

Summary

54
Q

Do X-linked diseases occur more often in male or female?

A

More often in men

55
Q

What is the Klinefelter syndrome?

A

extra X chromosome in a male (XXY genotype)

56
Q

How prevalent is Turner syndrome?

A

Affects 1 in 2500 females

57
Q

How is Turner syndrome most often treated?

A
  • growth hormones during childhood
  • hormones to induce pubertal development
  • HRT throughout adulthood
58
Q

How prevalent is Klinefelter syndrome?

A

Affects 1 in 500 to 1000 males

59
Q

What is a typical treatment for Klinefelter Syndrome ?

A

testosterone supplementation

60
Q

Is SRY the only gene involved in sex determination?

A

No

61
Q

What are the stages of prenatal development?

A
  • 0 months: genetic sex
  • 2 months: gonadal/hormonal sex
  • 5 months: genital sex
62
Q

What does Androgen Insensitivity syndrome cause?

A
  • X-linked disorder

- causes those with an XY karyotype to develop a female phenotype

63
Q

What is the cause of Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?

A
  • Mutations in the androgen-receptor genes

- Which cause a lack of androgen receptors

64
Q

What physical aspects does androgen insensitivity syndrome cause?

A
  • Prevent the body tissue from masculinizing to some degree

- But tissue does respond to estrogen

65
Q

What does an individual with CAIS look like and what sexuality do they tend to have?

A
  • Complete Androgen insensitivity
  • Female genitals
  • Tend to identify as heterosexual
66
Q

What does an individual with PAIS look like ?

A
  • Partial Androgen Insensitivity

- intermediate characteristics, with differing degrees of genital masculinization.

67
Q

What does Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia cause?

A
  • causes individuals to be exposed to high levels of androgens before birth
  • causes varying degrees of virilization in female genitals
68
Q

how prevalent is CAH?

A

-Affects about 1 in 5000-1500

69
Q

What do the genitals of people affected by 5-Alpha-Reductase deficiency look like at birth?

A
  • Female-typical external genitalia

- Male internal genitals

70
Q

What is 5-RT caused by?

A

enzyme deficiency

PSYC 211 (45 decks)

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