chapter 9 endocrine system

Question 1

hormones can only affect target cells and organs that have what?

Answer 1

receptors for that specific hormone

Question 2

what happens if a cell or organ does not have receptors for a hormone it comes into contact with?

Answer 2

nothing happens the cell or gland does not respond

Question 3

what chemical classifications are there for hormones?

Answer 3

1) amino acid based
2) steroids
3) prostaglandins

Question 4

amino acid based hormones include:

Answer 4

1) proteins
2) peptides
3) amines

Question 5

what are steroids made of?

Answer 5

cholesterol

Question 6

what are prostaglandins made of?

Answer 6

highly active lipids that act as local hormones

Question 7

how is hormone secretion regulated?

Answer 7

a self adjusting mechanism called a feedback loop

Question 8

what are the two types of feedback loops?

Answer 8

1) negative feedback loop
2) positive feedback loop

Question 9

which feedback loop is less common in the human body?

Answer 9

positive feedback loop

Question 10

positive feedback loop:

Answer 10

*stimulus does not produce an opposite effect like a negative feedback loop does

*the stimulus accelerates the process

Question 11

what feedback loop has a counteractive effect?

Answer 11

negative feedback loop

Question 12

1) a person eats food and glucose levels in the blood rise.
2) insulin is released, bringing glucose levels back down.
3) homeostasis is accomplished

what type of feedback loop is this?

Answer 12

negative feedback loop

Question 13

what is the interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

Answer 13

the hypothalamus

Question 14

what is the hypothalamus aka and why?

Answer 14

the master gland (control center)

because it controls and oversees most endocrine function

Question 15

the hypothalamus controls most endocrine activity in what 3 ways?

Answer 15

1) controls the release of regulatory hormones from anterior pituitary gland.
2) posterior pituitary gland secretes oxytocin(OT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
3) controls stimulation and secretion activities of the adrenal medulla

Question 16

what is the pituitary gland aka?

Answer 16

hypophysis

Question 17

where is the pituitary gland housed?

Answer 17

inferior to the hypothalamus within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Question 18

what connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

Answer 18

a thin stalk called the infundibulum

Question 19

what is the pituitary gland divided into?

Answer 19

anterior and posterior lobes

Question 20

what is the anterior pituitary gland aka?

Answer 20

adenohypophysis

Question 21

what type of tissue is the anterior pituitary gland made of?

Answer 21

epithelial tissue derived from the roof of mouth during developement

Question 22

how do regulating hormones get from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?

Answer 22

they travel through a blood vessel network called the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

Question 23

what are the seven major hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary?

Answer 23

1) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
2) prolactin (PRL)
3) adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
4) growth hormone (GH)
5) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
6) lutenizing hormone (LH)
7) melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

Question 24

what is growth hormone aka?

Answer 24

somatotropin

Question 25

what is the posterior pituitary derived from?

Answer 25

embryonic diencephalon

Question 26

what is the neural connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary?

Answer 26

hypothalamohypophyseal tract

Question 27

what 2 hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

Answer 27

1) vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone)
2) oxytocin

Question 28

what are adrenal glands aka?

Answer 28

suprarenal glands

Question 29

what parts are the adrenal glands divided into?

Answer 29

1) capsule
2) outter cortex
3) inner medulla

Question 30

what is the adrenal outter cortex controlled by?

Answer 30

adrenocorticotropin

Question 31

what is the adrenal medulla controlled by?

Answer 31

nerves of the autonomic nervous system

Question 32

where is the adrenal capsule located?

Answer 32

around the outside of the outter cortex

Question 33

where is the pancreas located?

Answer 33

between duodenum and spleen, posterior to the stomach

Question 34

is the pancreas endocrine or exocrine?

Answer 34

both

Question 35

what are pancreatic acini?

Answer 35

pancreatic cells that produce digestive enzymes to secrete into the small intestine

Question 36

what % of pancreatic cells do pancreatic acini make up?

Answer 36

98-99%

Question 37

what are pancreatic islets?

Answer 37

endocrine cells that closely regulate levels of glucose in the blood

Question 38

what % of cells in the pancreas do pancreatic islets make up?

Answer 38

1-2%

Question 39

what are the different types of pancreatic islets and what does each one secrete?

Answer 39

1) alpha cells - glucagon
2) beta cells - insulin
3) delta cells - somatostatin
4) F cells - pancreatic polypeptide

Question 40

type 1 diabetes =

Answer 40

insulin dependant (autoimmune, destroys beta cells)

Question 41

type 2 diabetes =

Answer 41

insulin resistant.

cells dont respond to insulin.

overproduction wears out beta cells

Question 42

what is the largest gland that is devoted to the endocrine system?

Answer 42

thyroid gland

Question 43

where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 43

inferior to the cricoid cartilage

Question 44

what do follicular cells in the thyroid produce?

what does production require?

Answer 44

thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

iodine is required

Question 45

C-cells in the thyroid are aka?

Answer 45

parafollicular cells

Question 46

what do C-cells in the thyroid produce?

Answer 46

calcitonin

Question 47

what is a goiter?

what is the most common cause?

Answer 47

abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland most commonly caused by an iodine deficiency