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Anatomy & Physiology > chapter 3 part 1 (cells) > Flashcards

chapter 3 part 1 (cells) Flashcards

1
Q

cell theory part one states?

A

a cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms

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2
Q

cell theory part two states?

A

the activity of an organism depends on the activities of its cells

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3
Q

cell theory part three states?

A

principle of complimentarity- the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their structure which determines their function

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4
Q

cell theory part 4 states?

A

continuity of life has a cellular basis

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5
Q

most cells are composed of what 4 elements?

A

1) carbon 2) hydrogen 3) oxygen 4) nitrogen

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6
Q

what are the 3 main parts of a cell?

A

1) the plasma membrane 2) the cytoplasm 3) the nucleus

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7
Q

what is DNA needed for?

A

1) building proteins (architect) 2) cell reproduction

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8
Q

what are the 3 parts of a nucleus?

A

1) nuclear membrane 2) nucleolus 3) chromatin

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9
Q

what are the parts of a nuclear membrane?

A

1) double membrane 2) has nuclear pores 3) contains nucleoplasm

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10
Q

2 things to note about the nucleolus:

A

1) one or more in the nucleus 2) ribosomes are made here

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11
Q

3 things to note about chromatin:

A

1) made of DNA wound around histones(proteins) 2) scattered around in the nucleus and present when cell is not dividing 3)condenses into chromosomes during mitosis

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12
Q

3 things to note about the plasma membrane

A

1) made of 2 layers of phospholipids tail to tail 2) cholesterol and protein scattered amoung the phospholipids 3) sugar groups may be attached to phospholipids (glycolipids)

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13
Q

what is the role of proteins in the plasma membrane?

A

1) enzymes 2) receptors for hormones and other chemical messengers 3) transport channels or carriers

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14
Q

what are the 3 plasma membrane junctions and what are their functions?

A

1) tight junctions (impermeable junctions) 2) desmosomes (anchoring junctions) 3) gap junctions (communication junctions)

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15
Q

what is the site of most cellular activities within the cell?

A

the cytoplasm

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16
Q

what are the 3 major components of cytoplasm?

A

1) cytosol- the fluid that suspends inclusions and organelles 2) inclusions- substances like stored nutrients and cell products 3) organelles- machinery of the cell that performs functions for the cell

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17
Q

what are the 3 components of cytoskeleton?

A

1) microfilaments (largest) 2) intermediate filaments 3) microtubules (smallest)

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18
Q

what is cytoskeleton?

A

a network of proteins that extend throughout the cytoplasm

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19
Q

what are the 3 cytoskeleton functions?

A

1) determines cell shape 2) supports organelles 3) allows intracellular transport

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20
Q

what are the functions of mitochondria?

A

1) site of aerobic respiration 2) ATP synthesized here

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21
Q

what is mitochondria AKA?

A

the powerhouse of the cell

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22
Q

what is the function of ribosomes?

A

they synthesize protein

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23
Q

what are ribosomes composed of?

A

1) ribosomal RNA 2) protein

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24
Q

what are the 3 rough endoplasmic reticulum’s functions

A

1) attaches sugar groups to proteins 2) sends proteins to the golgi apparatus and elsewhere 3) the external face synthesizes phospholipids (the cells membrane factory)

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25
Q

what are the 3 functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

1) synthesizes lipid and cholesterol 2) metabolizes lipids 3) drug detox

26
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

packages, modifies, and segregates protein for secretion

27
Q

what is the function of peroxisome?

A

detox toxic chemicals such as free radicals

28
Q

the most important enzyme in peroxisome is what? and what does it do?

A

catalase, it breaks down hydrogen peroxide

29
Q

what is the function of lysosomes?

A

intracellular digestive organelle

30
Q

what are lysosomes AKA?

A

the stomach of the cell

31
Q

what are the 4 functions of the microtubules?

A

1) supports cell and gives it shape 2) involved in intracellular and cellular movement 3) forms centrioles 4) forms cilia and flagella if present

32
Q

what are the 2 functions of centrioles?

A

1) makes microtubule network during mitosis 2) forms the basis of cilia and flagella

33
Q

what is the function of inclusions?

A

storage for nutrients, waste, and other cell products

34
Q

what are the 3 types of cell extensions?

A

1) cilia 2) flagella 3) microvilli

35
Q

whats the function of cilia?

A

moves materials across cell(located in respiratory system)

36
Q

what is the function of flagella?

A

propels cell (sperm is the only flagellated cell in humans)

37
Q

what is the function of microvilli?

A

increases surface area of cell

38
Q

how many different cell types in body and what is the range in size?

A

1) over 200 different types in humans
2) size ranges from 1/12,000 of an inch to over 1 yard

39
Q

fibroblasts and erythrocytes are cells of what type of tissue?

A

connective tissue cells

40
Q

what is an Oocyte?

A

female reproductive cell

41
Q

what are the 7 abilities of cells?

A

they:

1) metabolize
2) digest food
3) dispose of waste
4) reproduce
5) grow
6) move
7) respond to stimulus

42
Q

solution is made of 2 or more components, what are the 2 main components?

A

1) solvent
2) solute

43
Q

what does the plasma membrane allow into the cell and what does it keep out?

A

allows desirable things like nutrients in and keeps undesirable things out

44
Q

what are the 2 methods of transport across cell membranes?

A

1) passive transport process
2) active transport process

45
Q

what are the 2 major periods of the cell life cycle?

A

1) interphase
2 cell division

46
Q

what occurs in cell interphase?

A

the cell grows and carries on metabolic processes

47
Q

what occurs in cell division?

A

the cell reproduces itself

48
Q

when and why does DNA replicate?

A

DNA replicates near the end of interphase and to prepare for cell division

49
Q

what are the events of cell division?

A

1) mitosis
2) cytokinesis

50
Q

what is mitosis?

A

division of the nucleus that results in 2 nuclei

51
Q

what is cytokinesis? and when does it occur?

A

division of the cytoplasm that results in the formation of 2 cells. it begins when mitosis is near completion

52
Q

DNA is important for protein synthesis. why?

A

it provides the instructions on how to synthesize

53
Q

what is a gene?

A

a segment of DNA that carries instructions to build 1 protein or polypeptide chain

54
Q

what are the types of cellular protein?

A

1) fibrous (structural)
2) globular (functional)

55
Q

what is the function of fibrous(structural) protein?

A

building materials for cells

56
Q

what is the function of globular (functional) protein?

A

acts as enzymes(catalysts)

57
Q

whats the function of mRNA?

A

1) decodes DNA’s protein building instructions
2) delivers instructions to the ribosomes

58
Q

what is the function of tRNA?

A

transfers appropriate amino acids to ribosomes

59
Q

what is the function of rRNA?

A

helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built

60
Q

what are the differences between RNA and DNA?

A

1) RNA is single stranded
2) RNA has ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose
3) RNA contains uracil base instead of thymine

61
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology (18 decks)

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