chapter 3 part 1 (cells) Flashcards
cell theory part one states?
a cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
cell theory part two states?
the activity of an organism depends on the activities of its cells
cell theory part three states?
principle of complimentarity- the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their structure which determines their function
cell theory part 4 states?
continuity of life has a cellular basis
most cells are composed of what 4 elements?
1) carbon 2) hydrogen 3) oxygen 4) nitrogen
what are the 3 main parts of a cell?
1) the plasma membrane 2) the cytoplasm 3) the nucleus
what is DNA needed for?
1) building proteins (architect) 2) cell reproduction
what are the 3 parts of a nucleus?
1) nuclear membrane 2) nucleolus 3) chromatin
what are the parts of a nuclear membrane?
1) double membrane 2) has nuclear pores 3) contains nucleoplasm
2 things to note about the nucleolus:
1) one or more in the nucleus 2) ribosomes are made here
3 things to note about chromatin:
1) made of DNA wound around histones(proteins) 2) scattered around in the nucleus and present when cell is not dividing 3)condenses into chromosomes during mitosis
3 things to note about the plasma membrane
1) made of 2 layers of phospholipids tail to tail 2) cholesterol and protein scattered amoung the phospholipids 3) sugar groups may be attached to phospholipids (glycolipids)
what is the role of proteins in the plasma membrane?
1) enzymes 2) receptors for hormones and other chemical messengers 3) transport channels or carriers
what are the 3 plasma membrane junctions and what are their functions?
1) tight junctions (impermeable junctions) 2) desmosomes (anchoring junctions) 3) gap junctions (communication junctions)
what is the site of most cellular activities within the cell?
the cytoplasm
what are the 3 major components of cytoplasm?
1) cytosol- the fluid that suspends inclusions and organelles 2) inclusions- substances like stored nutrients and cell products 3) organelles- machinery of the cell that performs functions for the cell
what are the 3 components of cytoskeleton?
1) microfilaments (largest) 2) intermediate filaments 3) microtubules (smallest)
what is cytoskeleton?
a network of proteins that extend throughout the cytoplasm
what are the 3 cytoskeleton functions?
1) determines cell shape 2) supports organelles 3) allows intracellular transport
what are the functions of mitochondria?
1) site of aerobic respiration 2) ATP synthesized here
what is mitochondria AKA?
the powerhouse of the cell
what is the function of ribosomes?
they synthesize protein
what are ribosomes composed of?
1) ribosomal RNA 2) protein
what are the 3 rough endoplasmic reticulum’s functions
1) attaches sugar groups to proteins 2) sends proteins to the golgi apparatus and elsewhere 3) the external face synthesizes phospholipids (the cells membrane factory)
what are the 3 functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
1) synthesizes lipid and cholesterol 2) metabolizes lipids 3) drug detox
what is the function of the golgi apparatus?
packages, modifies, and segregates protein for secretion
what is the function of peroxisome?
detox toxic chemicals such as free radicals
the most important enzyme in peroxisome is what? and what does it do?
catalase, it breaks down hydrogen peroxide
what is the function of lysosomes?
intracellular digestive organelle
what are lysosomes AKA?
the stomach of the cell
what are the 4 functions of the microtubules?
1) supports cell and gives it shape 2) involved in intracellular and cellular movement 3) forms centrioles 4) forms cilia and flagella if present
what are the 2 functions of centrioles?
1) makes microtubule network during mitosis 2) forms the basis of cilia and flagella
what is the function of inclusions?
storage for nutrients, waste, and other cell products
what are the 3 types of cell extensions?
1) cilia 2) flagella 3) microvilli
whats the function of cilia?
moves materials across cell(located in respiratory system)
what is the function of flagella?
propels cell (sperm is the only flagellated cell in humans)
what is the function of microvilli?
increases surface area of cell
how many different cell types in body and what is the range in size?
1) over 200 different types in humans
2) size ranges from 1/12,000 of an inch to over 1 yard
fibroblasts and erythrocytes are cells of what type of tissue?
connective tissue cells
what is an Oocyte?
female reproductive cell
what are the 7 abilities of cells?
they:
1) metabolize
2) digest food
3) dispose of waste
4) reproduce
5) grow
6) move
7) respond to stimulus
solution is made of 2 or more components, what are the 2 main components?
1) solvent
2) solute
what does the plasma membrane allow into the cell and what does it keep out?
allows desirable things like nutrients in and keeps undesirable things out
what are the 2 methods of transport across cell membranes?
1) passive transport process
2) active transport process
what are the 2 major periods of the cell life cycle?
1) interphase
2 cell division
what occurs in cell interphase?
the cell grows and carries on metabolic processes
what occurs in cell division?
the cell reproduces itself
when and why does DNA replicate?
DNA replicates near the end of interphase and to prepare for cell division
what are the events of cell division?
1) mitosis
2) cytokinesis
what is mitosis?
division of the nucleus that results in 2 nuclei
what is cytokinesis? and when does it occur?
division of the cytoplasm that results in the formation of 2 cells. it begins when mitosis is near completion
DNA is important for protein synthesis. why?
it provides the instructions on how to synthesize
what is a gene?
a segment of DNA that carries instructions to build 1 protein or polypeptide chain
what are the types of cellular protein?
1) fibrous (structural)
2) globular (functional)
what is the function of fibrous(structural) protein?
building materials for cells
what is the function of globular (functional) protein?
acts as enzymes(catalysts)
whats the function of mRNA?
1) decodes DNA’s protein building instructions
2) delivers instructions to the ribosomes
what is the function of tRNA?
transfers appropriate amino acids to ribosomes
what is the function of rRNA?
helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built
what are the differences between RNA and DNA?
1) RNA is single stranded
2) RNA has ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose
3) RNA contains uracil base instead of thymine
