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Anatomy & Physiology > chapter 6 muscular system > Flashcards

chapter 6 muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

how many skeletal muscles are in the human body?

A

over 700

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2
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle?

A

1) skeletal muscles
2) cardiac muscles
3) smooth muscles

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3
Q

what do skeletal muscles attach to?

A

1) attached to bones
2) some facial muscles attach to skin

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4
Q

where is cardiac muscle found?

A

walls of the heart

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5
Q

where is smooth muscle found?

A

mostly in the walls of hollow internal organs(except heart)

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6
Q

how is skeletal muscle controled?

A

voluntarily controled by nervous system

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7
Q

how is cardiac muscle controlled?

A

involuntarily controlled by the nervous system and hormones

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8
Q

how is smooth muscle controlled?

A

involuntarily controlled by:

1) nervous system
2) hormones
3) chemicals
4) stretch mechanism

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9
Q

what attaches skeletal muscle to bone?

A

tendons

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10
Q

what is endomysium?

A

connective tissue that encloses a single muscle fiber(cell)

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11
Q

what is perimysium?

A

connective tissue that wraps around a fascicle

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12
Q

what is epimysium?

A

connective tissue that covers the entire skeletal muscle

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13
Q

what is fascia?

A

connective tissue on the outside of epimysium

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14
Q

what is a fascicle?

A

a bundle of muscle fibers

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15
Q

what are the 4 important roles of skeletal muscle?

A

1) contract to cause or prevent movement
2) maintain posture and body position
3) stabilize joints
4) generate heat

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16
Q

what is sarcolemma?

A

specialized plasma membrane of muscle cells

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17
Q

what are myofibrils?

A

long fiber like organelles within skeletal muscle cells

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18
Q

what are I bands and A bands?

A

(I) light and (A) dark bands on myofibril that gives muscle cells a banded appearance

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19
Q

what are thin myofilaments made of?

A

actin protein

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20
Q

what are thick myofilaments made of?

A

myosin protein `

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21
Q

what is a sarcomere?

A

the contractile unit of a muscle fiber (cell)

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22
Q

what is the functional and structural unit of a skeletal muscle cell?

A

sarcomere

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23
Q

what is the length of a sarcomere?

A

the length between one Z disk and the next

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24
Q

myofilaments with myosin heads =

A

thick filaments

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25
Q

filaments made of actin =

A

thin filaments

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26
Q

what is actin?

A

contractile protein

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27
Q

what is actin anchored to in a muscle cell?

A

Z disks

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28
Q

when do H zones in muscle cells disappear and why?

A

during contraction because actin and myosin filaments overlap

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29
Q

what filament contains ATPase?

A

thick filaments

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30
Q

what does ATPase do within muscle cells?

A

split ATP to release energy for muscle contractions

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31
Q

what are the special functional properties of skeletal muscle?

A

1) irritability
2) contractility
3) extensibility
4) elasticity

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32
Q

what is irritability?

A

AKA responsiveness- the ability to receive and respond to stimuli

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33
Q

what is contractility?

A

ability to forcibly shorten when an adequate stimulus is received

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34
Q

what is extensibility?

A

ability to be stretched

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35
Q

what is elasticity?

A

the ability to recoil and resume resting length after stretching

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36
Q

what do skeletal muscles need to be stimulated by in order to contract?

A

a motor neuron (nerve cell)

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37
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

one motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells stimulated by it

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38
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction?

A

association site between the axon terminal of a motor unit and the sarcolemma of a muscle cell

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39
Q

what is a neurotransmitter?

A

a chemical released by a nerve upon the arrival of a nerve impulse in the axon terminal

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40
Q

what is acetylcholine and how is it abbreviated?

A

the neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle (ACh)

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41
Q

what is a synaptic cleft?

A

the gap between nerve and muscle filled with interstitial fluid

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42
Q

do nerves and muscles make contact?

A

no

43
Q

what is the only energy source that can be used to directly power muscle contraction?

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

44
Q

what are the 3 pathways to ATP regeneration?

A

1) direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate
2) aerobic respiration
3) anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation

45
Q

what is the fastest method of ATP regeneration?

A

direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate

46
Q

where is CP stored?

A

muscle cells

47
Q

how does direct phosphorylation of ADP by CP work?

A

1) after ATP is depleted, ADP remains
2) CP transfers a phosphate group to ADP to regenerate ATP

48
Q

how quickly does it take for CP to regenerate ATP?

A

15 seconds

49
Q

how much ATP does 1 molecule of CP produce?

A

1 ATP

50
Q

where does aerobic respiration occur?

A

mitochondria

51
Q

when does aerobic respiration supply ATP?

A

during rest and light/moderate exercise

52
Q

what does mitochondria use as energy sources?

A

1) glucose
2) fatty acids
3) amino acids

53
Q

what does mitochondria break glucose down into and how much ATP is produced?

A

1) glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water
2) about 32 ATP is produced from 1 glucose molecule

54
Q

how quickly does aerobic respiration produce ATP and what is required?

A

slow reaction that requires continuous delivery of oxygen and nutrients

55
Q

what does anaerobic mean?

A

without oxygen

56
Q

what is the full term for anaerobic pathway?

A

anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation

57
Q

what does lactic acid do to muscles?

A

causes muscle soreness

58
Q

what does anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation break down, and what does it produce?

A

breaks down glucose and produces pyruvic acid

1 glucose molecule = 2 ATP

59
Q

what element causes muscle soreness?

A

lactic acid

60
Q

what are suspected factors that contribule to muscle fatigue?

A

1) ion imbalance
2) oxygen deficit and lactic acid accumulation
3) decrease in ATP supply

61
Q

after exercise how is oxygen deficit repaid?

A

rapid deep breathing

62
Q

if muscle activity is strenuous and prolonged, what occurs?

A

muscle fatigue

63
Q

what are 2 ion imbalances that can occure?

A

1) calcium imbalance
2) potassium imbalance

64
Q

which type of exercise makes metabolism more efficient?

A

aerobic exercise

65
Q

what type of exercise is isometric?

A

resistance training

66
Q

what type of exercise is aerobic exercise?

A

endurance exercise

67
Q

note the rules for determining muscle actions

A

1

68
Q

on appendages, where is the insertion point usually located?

A

the distal side

69
Q

on appendages, where is the origin of the muscle usually located?

A

on the proximal side

70
Q

flexion =

A

when the angle of the joint is decreased

71
Q

extension =

A

the opposite of flexion

72
Q

what is hyperextension?

A

when the angle of a joint is extended beyond 180 degrees

73
Q

what are typical joints that flexion occurs in?

A

1) hinge joints
2) ball and socket joints

74
Q

rotational movement =

A

movement of a bone around its longitudal axis

75
Q

what type of joint is rotation common in?

A

ball and socket

76
Q

what is abduction?

A

movement of a limb away from the body

77
Q

what is adduction?

A

movement of a limb toward the body

78
Q

what is circumduction?

A

when proximal end of bone is stationary and distal end moves in circle

79
Q

what is circumduction a combonation of?

A

1) flexion
2) extension
3) adduction
4) abduction

80
Q

what type os joint is circumduction common in?

A

ball and socket

81
Q

dorsiflexion =

A

lifting the foot so the surface is closer to the shin

82
Q

plantar flexion =

A

pointing toes away from the head

83
Q

inversion =

A

turning sole of foot medially

84
Q

eversion =

A

turning the sole of foot laterally

85
Q

supination =

A

forearm rotates laterally so palms face anteriorly

86
Q

pronation =

A

forearm rotates medially so palms face posteriorly

87
Q

opposition =

A

moving the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand

88
Q

prime mover =

A

the muscle with the major responsibility for certain movement

89
Q

antagonist =

A

the muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover

90
Q

synergist=

A

muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement or reduces undesireable movement

91
Q

fixator =

A

they hold a bone still or stabilize the origin of a prime mover

92
Q

what is muscle atrophy?

A

wasting of muscle tissue resulting in reduction of size, tone, and power

93
Q

muscle hypertrophy =

A

increase in muscle size

94
Q

how do muscles increase in size?

A

repetative stimulation of muscle fibers

95
Q

what happens inside a muscle cell to make it bigger?

A

myofibrils and myofilaments increase in numbers thus increasing size of cell

96
Q

what is a charley horse?

A

sudden involunary contraction of one or more muscles

97
Q

what can cause charley horses?

A

1) dehydration
2) pregnancy
3) age
4) certain medical conditions

98
Q

whats a grade 1 muscle strain/pull?

A

stretching or minor tear

99
Q

whats a grade 2 muscle strain/pull?

A

partial tear

100
Q

whats a grade 3 muscle strain/pull?

A

muscle ruptured

101
Q

what causes a strain/pull?

A

overuse or improper use of muscle

102
Q

what does scar tissue on muscle increase and decrease?

A

increases risk of reinjury and decreases range of movement

103
Q

what is the neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle?

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

Anatomy & Physiology (18 decks)

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