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Anatomy & Physiology > chapter 14 digestive system > Flashcards

chapter 14 digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the digestive system?

A

1) secretion
2) digestion
3) absorption
4) elimination

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2
Q

the digestive systems function of secretion :

A

digestive system secretes mucin, acid, bile, and other digestive enzymes

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3
Q

the digestive systems function of digestion :

A

the digestive system breaks food down into smaller substances mechanically and chemically (with enzymes)

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4
Q

the digestive systems function of absorption :

A

the digestive system obsorbs molecules into the blood and lymph through GI tract epithelium

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5
Q

the digestive system of elimination is :

A

defication of indigestible materials

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6
Q

what does the digestive system break carbohydrates into?

A

monosaccharides (simple sugars)

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7
Q

what does the digestive system break proteins down into?

A

amino acids

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8
Q

what does the digestive system break fats down into?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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9
Q

what is bolus?

A

food mixed with saliva

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10
Q

what does the stomach convert bolus into?

A

chyme

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11
Q

ingestion =

A

the introduction of materials into the mouth

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12
Q

motility =

A

voluntary/involuntary contractions that mix and move materials through the gastrointestinal tract

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13
Q

mixing =

A

the churning movements in the small intestine that disperses ingested materials and combines them with digestive secretions

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14
Q

peristalsis =

A

ripple-like wave of muscular contraction that forces material to move further along the GI tract

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15
Q

what are the functions of the salivary glands?

A

to lubricate, cleanse, and moisten structures of the oral cavity

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16
Q

what 2 types of secretory cells are found in the salivary glands and what do they secrete?

A

mucous cells- secrete mucin.

serous cells- secrete fluid with ions, lysozyme, and salivary amylase

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17
Q

what does mucin form when hydrated?

A

mucous

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18
Q

what are the 4 tunics of the GI tract?

(basic pattern)

(deep to superficial)

A

1) mucosa
2) submucosa
3) muscularis
4) serosa or adventitia

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19
Q

what is the connective tissue membrane that wraps around the serosa in the GI tract?

A

mesentary

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20
Q

what are the layers in the mucosa tunic in the GI tract?

(deep to super)

A

1) endothelium
2) lamina propria
3) muscularis mucosae

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21
Q

what are the 2 layers in the muscularis tunic of the GI tract?

A

1) inner circular layer
2) outter longitudinal layer

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22
Q

what is the submucosa of the GI tract composed of?

A

1) connective tissue
2) lymphatic ducts
3) mucin
4) blood vessels
5) nerves

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23
Q

where is the submucosal nerve plexus located?

A

in the submucosa of the GI tract

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24
Q

what does each layer of the muscularis do?

A

inner circular layer - constricts the lumen and forms sphincters

outter longitudinal layer - shortens the tube

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25
Q

what is located between the 2 layers of muscle in the muscularis?

A

myenteric nerve plexus

26
Q

how is adventitia and serosa similar and how are they different?

A

theyre both areolar CT w/ collagen and elastic fibers

serosa is covered with visceral peritoneum and adventitia is not

27
Q

what are the sphincters in the esophagus?

what type of muscle is each one made of?

where are they located?

A

1) superior esophageal sphincter - is made of skeletal muscle - top of esophagus
2) inferior esophageal sphincter - made of smooth muscle - located at the bottom of esophagus

28
Q

what does the superior esophageal sphincter do during inhalation?

A

closes to prevent air entry into esophagus

29
Q

which quadrant is the stomach located in?

A

upper left quadrant

30
Q

what does the stomach turn bolus into?

A

chyme

31
Q

what does the rate of passage through the stomach depend on?

A

depends on food contents

lipids pass slower and liquids pass through more quickly

32
Q

specialized cells in the stomach secrete what?

A

1) mucous
2) HCI
3) enzymes
4) hormones

33
Q

what are the names of the 3 layers of smooth muscle located in the wall of the stomach?

(deep to super)

A

1) oblique layer
2) circular layer
3) longitudinal layer

34
Q

what are gastric folds AKA?

A

rugae

35
Q

what are the names of the cells in the stomach?

A

1) surface mucous cells
2) mucous neck cells
3) parietal cells
4) cheif cells
5) enteroendocrine cells

36
Q

what are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

(upstream to downstream)

A

1) duodenum
2) jejunum
3) ileum

37
Q

what are intestinal villi?

A

projections on the circular folds of the small intestine.

they absorb nutrients

38
Q

what are the 4 layers of tunic in the small intestine?

(deep to super)

A

1) mucosa
2) submucosa
3) muscularis
4) serosa

39
Q

what does the epithelium with microvilli in the small intestine do?

A

absorb nutriunts

40
Q

what do goblet cells produce?

A

mucous

41
Q

what are the sections of the colon?

(upstream to downstream)

A

1) ascending colon
2) transverse colon
3) descending colon
4) sigmoid colon

42
Q

what is the name of the first section of the large intestine after the small intestine?

A

the cecum

43
Q

what are the names of the final 2 sections of large intestine following the colon?

A

1) rectum
2) anal canal

44
Q

what is the energy value of food measured in?

A

kilocalories(Kcal)

or

calories (C)

45
Q

foods are oxidized and turned into fuel called what?

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

46
Q

ATP =

A

the chemical energy that drives cellular activities

47
Q

nutrient =

A

a substance used by the body for growth, maintenance, and repair

48
Q

major nutrients =

A

1) carbohydrates
2) lipids
3) proteins
4) water

49
Q

minor nutrients =

A

1) vitamins
2) minerals

50
Q

what are the mechanisms that may regulate food intake?

A

1) nutrient levels in blood
2) hormones
3) body temp
4) psychological factors

51
Q

how many kcal per gram does cabs have?

A

4 kcal / gram

52
Q

how many kcal per gram do fats yield?

A

9 kcal/gram

53
Q

how many kcal per gram does alcohol have?

A

7 kcal/gram

54
Q

BMR =

A

basic metabolic rate.

the number of calories needed to keep your body functioning at rest

55
Q

what is the average bmr for an average adult?

A

the average 154 lb adult needs 60-72 kcal/hour

56
Q

TMR =

A

total metabolic rate

the total amount of kilocalories the body must consume to fuel ongoing activities

57
Q

gastroenteritis =

A

inflammation of the GI tract

(this can happen anytime)

58
Q

appendicitis =

A

inflammation of the appendix

(tends to happen in adolescents)

59
Q

ulcers and gall bladder problems are more common in people of which age group?

A

middle aged individuals

60
Q

which age group is more commonly affected by obesity and type 2 diabetes?

A

later middle aged individuals

61
Q

activity of the digestive tract in old age :

A

1) fewer digestive juices
2) peristalsis slows
3) diverticulosis and GI cancers are more common

62
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology (18 decks)

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