chapter 10 blood Flashcards
what color is oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood?
oxygen rich blood is scarlet red
oxygen poor blood is dull red/ purple
what does blood taste like?
metallic and salty
what is the PH of normal blood?
7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline)
what is the temperature of blood?
about 38 degrees C / 100.4 degrees F
about how much blood is found in a healthy adult?
about 5-6 quarts
what % of body weight is made up of blood?
about 8%
what % of plasma is made of water?
about 90%
what dissolved substances are found in plasma?
1) nutrients
2) salts(electrolytes)
3) respiratory gases
4) hormones
5) plasma proteins
6) waste
what is the most abundant solute in plasma?
plasma proteins
where are most plasma proteins produced?
the liver
albumin =
clotting proteins =
antibodies =
albumin = a plasma protein that is an important blood buffer that contributes to osmotic pressure
clotting proteins = plasma proteins that help stem blood loss when a vessel is injured
antibodies = plasma proteins that help protect the body from pathogens
what color is plasma?
straw colored
how is blood PH restored when it becomes too acidic or alkaline?
respiratory and urinary systems restore it
what element of blood is responsible for heat distribution?
plasma
what 3 components make up “whole blood”?
what % of “whole blood” do they make up?
erythrocytes = about 44%
buffy coat = about 1%
plasma = about 55%
what is buffy coat?
leukocytes and platelets
blood smear =
blood smeared on a slide to be viewed with a microscope
what are the 3 functions of blood?
1) transportation
2) regulation
3) protection
what does blood transport?
1) oxygen
2) carbon dioxide
3) hormones
4) nutrients
5) waste
what does blood help regulate?
1) body temp
2) PH
3) fluid levels in the cardiovascular system
what does blood protect against?
leukocytes gaurd against infection by triggering immune response to antigens
antigen =
substances the body perceives as foreign that trigger an immune response
hematocrit =
the %volume of erythrocytes in blood
hematocrit varies with what?
1) age (children are more variable)
2) sex (men are slightly higher on average
what is the lifespan of a healthy erythrocyte?
120 days
are erythrocytes considered to be true cells?
why or why not?
no, they lack a nucleus and organelles
what is the diameter of a normal erythrocyte?
7.5 micro meters
what is a rouleau?
the single file erythrocytes line up in as they pass through small blood vessels
how much hemoglobin is contained within a single erythrocyte?
about 280 million molecules
what component of erythrocytes transports respiratory gases?
hemoglobin
oxygenated hemoglobin =
deoxygenated hemoglobin =
oxygenated hemoglobin = fully loaded with oxygen
deoxygenated hemoglobin = some oxygen is lost and carbon dioxide is gained
what is the life cycle / recycling process of erythrocyte components?
1) erythrocytes form in red marrow
2) erythrocytes enter blood and circulate for about 120 days
3) ages erythrocytes are phagocytized in the liver and spleen
4) heme components are recycled
5) amino acids break down erythrocyte membranes and globin proteins which is used to make new erythrocytes
heme =
the iron component of blood
anemia =
a decreaced ability of the blood to carry oxygen
anemia can be due to :
1) lower than normal number of erythrocytes
2) abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content in erythrocytes
sickle cell anemia =
abnormally shaped hemoglobin
leukopenia =
reduced number of white blood cells
leukocytosis =
increased number of leukocytes in blood
which leukocytes are granulocytes?
1) neutrophils
2) eosinophils
3) basophils
which leukocytes are agranulocytes?
1) lymphocytes
2) monocytes
what is the mnemonic for leukocytes from most to least abundant?
never let monkeys eat bananas
what are the leukocytes from most to least abundant?
1) neutrophils
2) lymphocytes
3) monocytes
4) eosinophils
5) basophils
platelets =
small, irregular, membrane enclosed cell fragments that dont have a nucleus and are involved in clotting
where are platelets produced and what are they produced from?
theyre produced in the red bone marrow from cells called megakaryocytes
thrombocytopenia =
abnormally small number of platelets
leukemia =
cancer in leukocyte forming cells
has no solid tumors
acute leukemia =
sudden onset, rapid progression, and more common in children
chronic leukemia =
slower onset, slower progression, and more common in adults
what are some symptoms of leukemia?
anemia, bleeding, frequent infections
how are leukemias classified?
by affected cell type
lymphoma =
group of cancers that affect lymphocytes
solid tumors are formed
where does lymphoma typically start?
lymph nodes or spleen
what are the 2 major catagories of lymphoma?
hodgkin lymphoma and non-hodgkin lymphoma
what type of lymphoma develope from abnormal B lymphocyte lineage?
hodgkin lymphoma
what type of lymphoma may derive from either abnormal B or T ceells?
non-hodgkin lymphoma
how many subtypes of hodgkin lymphoma are there?
how many subtypes of non-hodgkin lymphoma are there?
hodgkins = 5 subtypes
non-hodgkins = about 30 subtypes
