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Anatomy & Physiology > chapter 4 (integumentary system) > Flashcards

chapter 4 (integumentary system) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of skin and body membranes?

A

1) cover body surfaces
2) line body cavities
3) form protective sheets around organs

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2
Q

what are the basic tissues that membranes are made of?

A

1) epithelial tissue
2) connective tissue

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3
Q

what are the 3 types of epithelial membranes?

A

1) cutaneous membranes
2) mucous membranes
3) serous membranes

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4
Q

what are the different types of connective tissue membranes?

A

1) synovial membranes

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5
Q

what basic tissues do epithelial membranes contain?

A

1) epithelial tissue layer
2) connective tissue layer

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6
Q

what is the cutaneous membrane?

A

skin

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7
Q

what are the 2 layers of cutaneous membrane called?

A

1) epidermis
2) dermis

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8
Q

what is the specific tissue is the epidermis made of?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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9
Q

(1) where are mucous membranes located?

A

1) they line all body cavities that open to the exterior surface

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10
Q

what specific tissues are mucous membranes made of?

A

1) the type of epithelium depends on the site
2) loose (areolar) connective tissue (A.K.A. lamina propria)

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11
Q

what is another word for mucous membrane?

A

mucosae

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12
Q

where are the serous membranes located?

A

they line open body cavities that are closed to the exterior

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13
Q

how are serous membranes constructed?

A

double layered membranes separated by serous fluid

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14
Q

name the parts of a serous membrane and their locations:

A

1) vesceral serosa-layer closest to the organ/s
2) parietal serosa- outter layer
3) serous fluid- separates layers

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15
Q

peritoneum, plura, and pericardium are what type of membranes?

A

serous membranes

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16
Q

what specific type of tissue are synovial membranes made out of?

A

loose (areolar) connective tissue only

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17
Q

where are synovial membranes located?

A

they line joint cavities, tendon sheaths, and bursae

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18
Q

what do synovial membranes secrete and why?

A

they secrete synovial fluid to cushion organs moving against eachother during muscle activity

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19
Q

what does the integumentary system consist of?

A

1) skin
2) skin appendages

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20
Q

name the skin appendages:

A

1) sweat glands
2) oil glands
3) hair
4) hair follicles
5) nails

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21
Q

how does the integumentary system protect deeper tissue from mechanical damage?

A

1) contains keratine which toughens cells
2) fat cells cusion blows
3) pain and pressure receptors alert nervous system

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22
Q

how does the integumentary system protect deeper tissue from chemical damage?

A

1) keratinized cells are relatively impermeable
2) pain receptors alert nervous system

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23
Q

how does the integumentary system protect deeper tissue from microbe damage?

A

1) skin has unbroken surface
2) skin secretions are acidic inhibiting microbes such as bacteria
3) phagocytes ingest foreign substances and pathogens

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24
Q

how does the integumentary system protect deeper tissue from UV radiation damage?

A

melanocytes produce melanin that protects against UV damage

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25
Q

how does the integumentary system protect deeper tissue from thermal damage?

A

temperature and pain receptors

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26
Q

how does the integumentary system protect deeper tissue from desiccation (drying out)?

A

contains keratin and glycolipid which is water resistant

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27
Q

how does the integumentary system cool down?

A

1) activates sweat glands
2) allows blood to flush to skin capillary beds which allows heat to radiate from skin

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28
Q

how does the integumentary system retain heat?

A

by not allowing blood to flush to capillary beds

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29
Q

how does the integumentary system help secrete urea and uric acid?

A

theyre contained in perspiration produced by sweat glands

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30
Q

how does the integumentary system produce vitamin D?

A

cholesterol molecules in the skin convert to vitamin D in the presence of sunlight

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31
Q

what is the function of hypodermis?

A

1) anchors skin to underlying organs
2) absorbs shock and insulates deeper tissue

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32
Q

what specific tissues does the hypodermis contain?

A

areolar and adipose loose connective tissue

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33
Q

is hypodermis part of the integumentary system?

A

no

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34
Q

what produces keratin? and where is it produced?

A

keratinocytes produce keratin in the stratum granulosum

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35
Q

what is keratin?

A

a fibrous protein that is water-resistant and toughens epithelial cells

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36
Q

how many layers is the epidermis composed of?

A

5 layers

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37
Q

what are the 5 layers of epidermis starting from most superficial?

A

1) stratum corneum
2) stratum lucidum (only in soles and palms/no hair present)
3) stratum granulosum
4) stratum spinosum
5) stratum basale

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38
Q

what are the features of the stratum basale?

A

1) stem cells dividing
2) some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers

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39
Q

what are the features of the stratum spinosum?

A

1) cells contain thick black bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin

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40
Q

what are the features of the stratum granulosum?

A

1) cells are flattened
2) organelles are deteriorating
3) cytoplasm is full of granules
4) keratin made here

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41
Q

what are the features of the stratum corneum?

A

1) cells are dead
2) sacs filled with keratin present
3) glycolipids in extracellular space

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42
Q

what are the features of the stratum lucidum?

A

1) formed from dead skin cells of the deeper strata
2) occurs only in thick hairless skin of the soles and palms

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43
Q

what is melanin and where does it come from?

A

1) a skin pigment
2) produced by melanocytes

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44
Q

where are most melanocytes located?

A

the stratum basale of the epidermis

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45
Q

where does melanin accumulate?

A

granules called melanosomes in the stratum basale

46
Q

what color is melanin?

A

yellow, reddish brown, or black

47
Q

the amount of melanin produced depends on what?

A

1) genetics
2) exposure to sunlight

48
Q

what are epidermal dentric cells?

A

cells in the epidermis that alert the immune system to bacterial or viral threats

49
Q

what are merkel cells associated with and what do they serve as?

A

1) theyre associated with sensory nerve endings
2) they serve as touch receptors called merkel disks

50
Q

what is the dermis?

A

connective tissue that underlies the epidermis

51
Q

what are the different layers of dermis?

A

1) papillary layer
2) reticular layer

52
Q

what is in the reticular layer of dermis?

A

1) blood vessels
2) sweat and oil glands
3) deep pressure receptors
4) hair follicles

53
Q

what are lamellar corpuscles?

A

deep pressure receptors

54
Q

what and where are dermal papillae?

A

1) projections with capillary loops
2) located on the surface of the papillary layer

55
Q

what are the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color?

A

1) melanin
2) carotene
3) hemoglobin

56
Q

what are the pigments of carotene and what is it from?

A

1) orange-yellow pigment
2) from some vegitables

57
Q

what is the pigment of hemoglobin and what is it from?

A

1) red pigment
2) blood from dermal capillaries

58
Q

what determines the extent of red pigment?

A

oxygen content

59
Q

what can skin redness (erythema)be caused by?

A

1) embarrassment
2) inflamation
3) hypertension
4) fever
5) allergy

60
Q

what can pallor (paleness) be caused by?

A

1) emotional stress
2) anemia
3) low blood pressure
4) impared blood flow to an area

61
Q

what is jaundice?

A

skin yellowing indicating a liver disorder

62
Q

what are bruises?

A

hematomas

63
Q

are cutaneous glands endocrine or exocrine?

A

exocrine glands

64
Q

what are the cutaneous glands?

A

1) sebaceous glands
2) eccrine sweat glands
3) apocrine sweat glands

65
Q

what do sebaceous glands produce?

A

sebum (oil)

66
Q

where are sebaceous glands located?

A

all over the skin except palms and soles

67
Q

what is the function of sebum?

A

1) makes skin soft and moist
2) prevents hair from becoming brittle
3) kills bacteria

68
Q

where do sebaceous ducts empty?

A

1) most ducts empty into hair follicles
2) some empty directly onto skin surface

69
Q

when are sebaceous glands activated?

A

puberty

70
Q

what are the 2 types of sweat glands?

A

1) eccrine glands
2) apocrine glands

71
Q

which type of sweat gland helps regulate body temp?

A

1) eccrine glands do most of the work
2) apocrine glands have minimal role

72
Q

what type of sweat does eccrine glands produce?

A

1) water
2) salts
3) vitamin C
4) traces of metabolic waste

(acidic sweat)

73
Q

what type of sweat does apocrine glands produce?

A

1) fatty acids
2) proteins

(milky or yellowish appearance)

74
Q

where are your eccrine and apocrine glands located?

A

eccrine glands- duct to sweat pores on skin surface

apocrine glands- duct into hair follicles of armpits and genetals

75
Q

when do apocrine glands begin to function?

A

puberty

76
Q

what are cold sores (fever blisters) cause by?

A

herpes virus 1

77
Q

what is athletes foot caused by?

A

fungal infection

78
Q

what are boils and carbuncles caused by?

A

bacteria

79
Q

what is contact dermatitis caused by?

A

allergic reaction from the exposure of chemicals

80
Q

what is impetigo caused by?

A

bacterial infection

81
Q

what is psoriasis caused by?

A

1) trauma
2) infection
3) hormonal changes
4) stress

82
Q

what can cause burns?

A

1) heat
2) chemicals
3) electricity
4) UV radiation

83
Q

what are the dangers associated with burns?

A

1) protein denaturation and cell death
2) dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
3) circulatory shock
4) bacterial infection

84
Q

what is damaged in a first degree burn and how is it repaired?

A

1) only the epidermis is damaged
2) heals on its own

85
Q

what is damaged in a second degree burn and how it is repaired?

A

1) epidermis and the superficial part of the dermis are damaged
2) regeneration of the epithelium can occur

86
Q

what is damaged in a third degree burn and how is it repaired?

A

1) destroys epidermis and dermis
2) requires skin graft (cant regenerate)

87
Q

what is damaged in a fourth degree burn and how is it repaired?

A

1) epidermis and dermis are destroyed and damage extends into the deeper tissue like bones, muscle, and tendons
2) requires surgury, grafting, and may require amputation

88
Q

signs and symptoms of first degree burns?

A

skin is red and swollen

89
Q

signs and symptoms of second degree burns?

A

skin is red, blistered, and painful

90
Q

signs and symptoms of third degree burns?

A

1) burned area is blanched(white-grey) or black
2) burned area is painless

91
Q

what is the most common form of cancer in humans?

A

skin cancer

92
Q

what is neoplasm?

A

tumor

93
Q

what are the most common types of skin cancer?

A

1) basal cell carcinoma
2) squamous cell carcinoma
3) malignant melanoma

94
Q

what is the biggest risk factor with skin cancer?

A

over exposure to UV radiation in sunlight and tanning beds

95
Q

what is the least malignant and most common type of skin cancer?

A

basal cell carcinoma

96
Q

what does basal cell carcinoma look like?

A

shiny dome shaped nodules with central ulcer

97
Q

how and where does basal cell carcinoma arise?

A

cells in the stratum basale that are altered and unable to make keratin

98
Q

how is squamous cell carcinoma believed to be induced and where does it arise?

A

1) believed to be induced by UV exposure
2) arises in the stratum spinosum

99
Q

regarding squamous cell carcinoma what allows a good chance of cure and what happens if it isnt removed?

A

1) early removal is the best chance of cure
2) will metastisize to lymph nodes if not removed

100
Q

what does squamous cell carcinoma look like?

A

appears as scaly,reddened papules that gradually form shallow ulcers

101
Q

what is the most deadly skin cancer and what percentage of skin cancers does it make up?

A

1) malignant melanoma
2) it makes up 5% of all skin cancers

102
Q

where does malignant melanoma arise and where does it metastasize?

A

1) arises from melanocytes
2) metastisizes rapidly to lymph nodes and blood vessels

103
Q

whats the ABCDE rule?

A

a method of detecting skin cancer

104
Q

ABCDE rule: what is A?

A

A=asymmetry

(two sides of pigmented mole do not match)

105
Q

ABCDE rule: what is B?

A

B=boarder

(borders of mole not smooth)

106
Q

ABCDE rule: what is C?

A

C=color

(different colors in pigmented area)

107
Q

ABCDE rule: what is D?

A

D=diameter

(spot is larger than 6mm in diameter)

108
Q

ABCDE rule: what is E?

A

E=evolution

(one or more of the ABCD characteristics is evolving)

109
Q

what is are the specific tissues within the dermis?

A

areolar loose connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue

110
Q
A
111
Q

what are the functions of mucous membranes?

A

they are moist membranes adapted for absorption and secretion

Anatomy & Physiology (18 decks)

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