chapter 4 (integumentary system) Flashcards
what are the functions of skin and body membranes?
1) cover body surfaces
2) line body cavities
3) form protective sheets around organs
what are the basic tissues that membranes are made of?
1) epithelial tissue
2) connective tissue
what are the 3 types of epithelial membranes?
1) cutaneous membranes
2) mucous membranes
3) serous membranes
what are the different types of connective tissue membranes?
1) synovial membranes
what basic tissues do epithelial membranes contain?
1) epithelial tissue layer
2) connective tissue layer
what is the cutaneous membrane?
skin
what are the 2 layers of cutaneous membrane called?
1) epidermis
2) dermis
what is the specific tissue is the epidermis made of?
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
(1) where are mucous membranes located?
1) they line all body cavities that open to the exterior surface
what specific tissues are mucous membranes made of?
1) the type of epithelium depends on the site
2) loose (areolar) connective tissue (A.K.A. lamina propria)
what is another word for mucous membrane?
mucosae
where are the serous membranes located?
they line open body cavities that are closed to the exterior
how are serous membranes constructed?
double layered membranes separated by serous fluid
name the parts of a serous membrane and their locations:
1) vesceral serosa-layer closest to the organ/s
2) parietal serosa- outter layer
3) serous fluid- separates layers
peritoneum, plura, and pericardium are what type of membranes?
serous membranes
what specific type of tissue are synovial membranes made out of?
loose (areolar) connective tissue only
where are synovial membranes located?
they line joint cavities, tendon sheaths, and bursae
what do synovial membranes secrete and why?
they secrete synovial fluid to cushion organs moving against eachother during muscle activity
what does the integumentary system consist of?
1) skin
2) skin appendages
name the skin appendages:
1) sweat glands
2) oil glands
3) hair
4) hair follicles
5) nails
how does the integumentary system protect deeper tissue from mechanical damage?
1) contains keratine which toughens cells
2) fat cells cusion blows
3) pain and pressure receptors alert nervous system
how does the integumentary system protect deeper tissue from chemical damage?
1) keratinized cells are relatively impermeable
2) pain receptors alert nervous system
how does the integumentary system protect deeper tissue from microbe damage?
1) skin has unbroken surface
2) skin secretions are acidic inhibiting microbes such as bacteria
3) phagocytes ingest foreign substances and pathogens
how does the integumentary system protect deeper tissue from UV radiation damage?
melanocytes produce melanin that protects against UV damage
how does the integumentary system protect deeper tissue from thermal damage?
temperature and pain receptors
how does the integumentary system protect deeper tissue from desiccation (drying out)?
contains keratin and glycolipid which is water resistant
how does the integumentary system cool down?
1) activates sweat glands
2) allows blood to flush to skin capillary beds which allows heat to radiate from skin
how does the integumentary system retain heat?
by not allowing blood to flush to capillary beds
how does the integumentary system help secrete urea and uric acid?
theyre contained in perspiration produced by sweat glands
how does the integumentary system produce vitamin D?
cholesterol molecules in the skin convert to vitamin D in the presence of sunlight
what is the function of hypodermis?
1) anchors skin to underlying organs
2) absorbs shock and insulates deeper tissue
what specific tissues does the hypodermis contain?
areolar and adipose loose connective tissue
is hypodermis part of the integumentary system?
no
what produces keratin? and where is it produced?
keratinocytes produce keratin in the stratum granulosum
what is keratin?
a fibrous protein that is water-resistant and toughens epithelial cells
how many layers is the epidermis composed of?
5 layers
what are the 5 layers of epidermis starting from most superficial?
1) stratum corneum
2) stratum lucidum (only in soles and palms/no hair present)
3) stratum granulosum
4) stratum spinosum
5) stratum basale
what are the features of the stratum basale?
1) stem cells dividing
2) some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers
what are the features of the stratum spinosum?
1) cells contain thick black bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin
what are the features of the stratum granulosum?
1) cells are flattened
2) organelles are deteriorating
3) cytoplasm is full of granules
4) keratin made here
what are the features of the stratum corneum?
1) cells are dead
2) sacs filled with keratin present
3) glycolipids in extracellular space
what are the features of the stratum lucidum?
1) formed from dead skin cells of the deeper strata
2) occurs only in thick hairless skin of the soles and palms
what is melanin and where does it come from?
1) a skin pigment
2) produced by melanocytes
where are most melanocytes located?
the stratum basale of the epidermis
where does melanin accumulate?
granules called melanosomes in the stratum basale
what color is melanin?
yellow, reddish brown, or black
the amount of melanin produced depends on what?
1) genetics
2) exposure to sunlight
what are epidermal dentric cells?
cells in the epidermis that alert the immune system to bacterial or viral threats
what are merkel cells associated with and what do they serve as?
1) theyre associated with sensory nerve endings
2) they serve as touch receptors called merkel disks
what is the dermis?
connective tissue that underlies the epidermis
what are the different layers of dermis?
1) papillary layer
2) reticular layer
what is in the reticular layer of dermis?
1) blood vessels
2) sweat and oil glands
3) deep pressure receptors
4) hair follicles
what are lamellar corpuscles?
deep pressure receptors
what and where are dermal papillae?
1) projections with capillary loops
2) located on the surface of the papillary layer
what are the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color?
1) melanin
2) carotene
3) hemoglobin
what are the pigments of carotene and what is it from?
1) orange-yellow pigment
2) from some vegitables
what is the pigment of hemoglobin and what is it from?
1) red pigment
2) blood from dermal capillaries
what determines the extent of red pigment?
oxygen content
what can skin redness (erythema)be caused by?
1) embarrassment
2) inflamation
3) hypertension
4) fever
5) allergy
what can pallor (paleness) be caused by?
1) emotional stress
2) anemia
3) low blood pressure
4) impared blood flow to an area
what is jaundice?
skin yellowing indicating a liver disorder
what are bruises?
hematomas
are cutaneous glands endocrine or exocrine?
exocrine glands
what are the cutaneous glands?
1) sebaceous glands
2) eccrine sweat glands
3) apocrine sweat glands
what do sebaceous glands produce?
sebum (oil)
where are sebaceous glands located?
all over the skin except palms and soles
what is the function of sebum?
1) makes skin soft and moist
2) prevents hair from becoming brittle
3) kills bacteria
where do sebaceous ducts empty?
1) most ducts empty into hair follicles
2) some empty directly onto skin surface
when are sebaceous glands activated?
puberty
what are the 2 types of sweat glands?
1) eccrine glands
2) apocrine glands
which type of sweat gland helps regulate body temp?
1) eccrine glands do most of the work
2) apocrine glands have minimal role
what type of sweat does eccrine glands produce?
1) water
2) salts
3) vitamin C
4) traces of metabolic waste
(acidic sweat)
what type of sweat does apocrine glands produce?
1) fatty acids
2) proteins
(milky or yellowish appearance)
where are your eccrine and apocrine glands located?
eccrine glands- duct to sweat pores on skin surface
apocrine glands- duct into hair follicles of armpits and genetals
when do apocrine glands begin to function?
puberty
what are cold sores (fever blisters) cause by?
herpes virus 1
what is athletes foot caused by?
fungal infection
what are boils and carbuncles caused by?
bacteria
what is contact dermatitis caused by?
allergic reaction from the exposure of chemicals
what is impetigo caused by?
bacterial infection
what is psoriasis caused by?
1) trauma
2) infection
3) hormonal changes
4) stress
what can cause burns?
1) heat
2) chemicals
3) electricity
4) UV radiation
what are the dangers associated with burns?
1) protein denaturation and cell death
2) dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
3) circulatory shock
4) bacterial infection
what is damaged in a first degree burn and how is it repaired?
1) only the epidermis is damaged
2) heals on its own
what is damaged in a second degree burn and how it is repaired?
1) epidermis and the superficial part of the dermis are damaged
2) regeneration of the epithelium can occur
what is damaged in a third degree burn and how is it repaired?
1) destroys epidermis and dermis
2) requires skin graft (cant regenerate)
what is damaged in a fourth degree burn and how is it repaired?
1) epidermis and dermis are destroyed and damage extends into the deeper tissue like bones, muscle, and tendons
2) requires surgury, grafting, and may require amputation
signs and symptoms of first degree burns?
skin is red and swollen
signs and symptoms of second degree burns?
skin is red, blistered, and painful
signs and symptoms of third degree burns?
1) burned area is blanched(white-grey) or black
2) burned area is painless
what is the most common form of cancer in humans?
skin cancer
what is neoplasm?
tumor
what are the most common types of skin cancer?
1) basal cell carcinoma
2) squamous cell carcinoma
3) malignant melanoma
what is the biggest risk factor with skin cancer?
over exposure to UV radiation in sunlight and tanning beds
what is the least malignant and most common type of skin cancer?
basal cell carcinoma
what does basal cell carcinoma look like?
shiny dome shaped nodules with central ulcer
how and where does basal cell carcinoma arise?
cells in the stratum basale that are altered and unable to make keratin
how is squamous cell carcinoma believed to be induced and where does it arise?
1) believed to be induced by UV exposure
2) arises in the stratum spinosum
regarding squamous cell carcinoma what allows a good chance of cure and what happens if it isnt removed?
1) early removal is the best chance of cure
2) will metastisize to lymph nodes if not removed
what does squamous cell carcinoma look like?
appears as scaly,reddened papules that gradually form shallow ulcers
what is the most deadly skin cancer and what percentage of skin cancers does it make up?
1) malignant melanoma
2) it makes up 5% of all skin cancers
where does malignant melanoma arise and where does it metastasize?
1) arises from melanocytes
2) metastisizes rapidly to lymph nodes and blood vessels
whats the ABCDE rule?
a method of detecting skin cancer
ABCDE rule: what is A?
A=asymmetry
(two sides of pigmented mole do not match)
ABCDE rule: what is B?
B=boarder
(borders of mole not smooth)
ABCDE rule: what is C?
C=color
(different colors in pigmented area)
ABCDE rule: what is D?
D=diameter
(spot is larger than 6mm in diameter)
ABCDE rule: what is E?
E=evolution
(one or more of the ABCD characteristics is evolving)
what is are the specific tissues within the dermis?
areolar loose connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue
what are the functions of mucous membranes?
they are moist membranes adapted for absorption and secretion
