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Anatomy & Physiology > chapter 16 reproductive > Flashcards

chapter 16 reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

what are the gonads of the male/female reproductive systems?

A

male - testes

female - ovaries

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2
Q

what are gametes?

A

sex cells produced by the gonads

male - sperm

female - Oocytes

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3
Q

which sex’s reproductive systems have ducts that transport gametes to the site of fertilization?

A

both male and female reproductive systems

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4
Q

copulation and coitus mean :

A

sexual intercourse

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5
Q

what are the characteristics of puberty?

A

1) external sex characteristics become prominent
2) reproductive organs become functional
3) gametes mature
4) gonads secrete sex hormones

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6
Q

puberty starts when the hypothalamus does what?

A

increases the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone

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7
Q

scrotum =

A

protective skin-covered sac that provides testes with a cooler environment than body temp

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8
Q

why must testes be cooler than body temp? how much cooler must they be?

A

sperm developes successfully at 2 to 3 degrees C cooler than body temp

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9
Q

raphe =

A

midline ridge on the scrotum

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10
Q

dartos muscle =

A

layer of smooth muscle that is part of the wall of the scrotum

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11
Q

what are the ducts in the male reproductive system from testes to penis?

A

1) rete testis
2) efferent ductules
3) epididymus
4) ductus deferens
5) ejaculatory duct
6) urethra

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12
Q

what is seminal fluid and what is its function?

A

fluid that mixes with sperm.

they nourish sperm and neutralize vaginal acidity

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13
Q

what are the 3 glands that secrete seminal fluid?

A

1) seminal vesicles
2) prostate gland
3) bulbourethral gland

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14
Q

what do seminal vesicles secrete?

A

viscous, whitish-yellow, alkaline fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and bicarbonate

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15
Q

what does the prostate gland secrete?

A

fluid slightly acidic that contains mucin, citric acid, seminalplasmin, and prostatic specific antigen

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16
Q

prostatic-specific antigen =

A

PSA- enzyme that helps liquify semen

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17
Q

what do bulbourethral glands secrete?

A

clear, viscous mucin that lubricates the urethra prior to ejaculation

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18
Q

what is the function of seminalplasmin?

A

antibacterial

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19
Q

what is semen?

A

seminal fluid from the 3 accessory glands combined with sperm

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20
Q

semen released during intercourse is called what?

A

ejaculate

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21
Q

ejaculate usually measures _____ and contains how much sperm?

A

measures about 3-5 mL and contain 200-500 million sperm

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22
Q

what forms the external genitalia in males?

A

the penis and scrotum

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23
Q

root of penis =

A

internal portion of penis made of bulb and crura of penis

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24
Q

what is the body of the penis?

A

the elongated (shaft) portion

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25
Q

glans =

A

head of penis

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26
Q

prepuce =

A

foreskin of an uncircumcised penis

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27
Q

3 parallel cylinders in the shaft of the penis are =

A

2 cylinders called corpora cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum

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28
Q

what are the 2 types of cells within the seminiferous tubules?

A
  • sustentacular cells (non dividing support cells)
  • dividing germ cells that continuously produce sperm beginning at puberty
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29
Q

spaces surrounding the seminiferous tubules are called what?

A

interstitial spaces

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30
Q

what cells reside in the interstitial space surrounding the seminiferous tubules?

what do they produce?

A

interstitial cells, they produce androgens called testosterone

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31
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

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32
Q

spermatogenesis =

A

the process in which spermatid differentiates into mature spermazoa

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33
Q

what are the parts of a spermatozoa body?

A
  • acrosome cap over nucleus
  • midpiece
  • tail (flagellum)
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34
Q

what are the stages of cells in spermatogenesis?

A
  • spermatogonium
  • primary spermatocyte
  • secondary spermatocyte
  • spermatid
  • spermatozoon
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35
Q

genetic sex vs. phenotypic sex =

A
  • genetic sex refers to sex chromosomes/determined at conception
  • phenotypic sex refers to appearance of genitalia/ starts around week 7 of pregnancy
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36
Q

XX= XY=

A

XX= female

XY= male

37
Q

if sex-determining region Y gene is present, what occurs?

A

proteins are made that stimulate production of androgen hormones and male phenotypic developement occurs

38
Q

when does testosterone decrease in males?

A

during their 50s

39
Q

what are the primary female reproductive organs?

A

the ovaries

40
Q

what are the female accessory reproductive organs?

A
  • uterine tubes
  • uterus
  • vagina
  • clitoris
  • mammory glands
41
Q

how large are ovaries?

A

about the size of almonds

42
Q

how are ovaries secured?

A

theyre anchored within pelvic cavity by cords and sheets of CT

43
Q

germinal epithelium =

A

simple cuboidal cells surrounding ovary

44
Q

tunica albuginea =

A

CT capsule deep to the germinal epithelium

45
Q

what sections can an ovary be subdivided into?

A
  • ovarian cortex
  • ovarian medulla
46
Q

what is contained within the cortex and medulla of an ovary?

A

cortex - ovarian follicles

medulla - CT, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

47
Q

how many ovarian follicles are within an ovary’s cortex?

A

thousands

48
Q

what does an ovarian follicle consist of?

A

an Oocyte surrounded by follicle cells

49
Q

list the different stages of ovarian follicles starting at the youngest :

A
  • primordial follicle
  • primary follicle
  • secondary follicle
  • antral follicle
  • mature follicle
  • corpus luteum
  • corpus albicans
50
Q

ovulation =

A

around day 14.

is a peak in luteinizing hormone secretion that causes mature follicle to swell and rupture, expelling a secondary Oocyte

51
Q

how long are fallopian tubes?

A

10-12 cm

52
Q

where are Oocytes usually fertilized?

A

lateral part of the fallopian tube

53
Q

what is the infundibulum of a fallopian tube?

A

funnel-shaped lateral end of tube with finger-like projections called fimbiae

54
Q

what are the 3 layers of the walls of the fallopian tubes?

A
  • mucosa
  • muscularis
  • serosa
55
Q

what are the functions of the uterus?

A
  • site of implantation
  • supports and protects the developing embryo/fetus
  • eject fetus during labor
56
Q

what are the 4 regions of the uterus?

A
  • fundus (superior dome)
  • body (major part w/ thick walls)
  • isthmus (constricted segment between body and cervix)
  • cervix (narrow inferior part projecting into the vagina)
57
Q

weakness of the pelvic floor muscle and ligament support can result in prolapse which is what?

A

the uterus protruding into the vagina

58
Q

what are the layers of the walls of the uterus?

(super to deep)

A
  • perimetrium
  • myometrium
  • endometrium
59
Q

what are the layers of the endometrium?

(deep to super)

A
  • basal layer
  • functional layer
60
Q

functional layer of the endometrium =

A

changes thickness during uterine cycle and is shed as menses if fertilization and implantation does not occur

61
Q

endometriosis=

A

mentrual cycle debris trapped in ovaries can cause cycts.

  • surrounding tissue can become irritated and scar tissue can form
  • abnormal bands of fibrous tissue can form binding organs and pelvic tissue together
  • can cause extreme pain during menstrual periods and fertility problems
62
Q

vagina =

A

fibromuscular tube about 10cm long that connects uterus to outside of the body

63
Q

layers of the vaginal wall =

A
  • inner mucosa
  • middle muscularis
  • outer adventitia
64
Q

the female external genitalia are collectively called what?

A

the vulva

65
Q

how many greater vestibular glands are in the female reproductive system?

A

2

66
Q

vestibular gland function =

A

secrete mucin to lubricate vagina

67
Q

vestibular glands AKA =

A

bartholin glands

68
Q

mammory gland =

A

exocrine gland that produces and secretes milk

69
Q

mammory glands can be subdivided into what?

A

lobes which can be further subdivided into lobules

70
Q

alveroli in female breasts =

A

located in mammory lobules, they produce milk

71
Q

lactiferous sinuses =

A

expansions of ducts as they approach the nipple

72
Q

suspensory ligaments =

A

bands of CT that support breasts

73
Q

what % of breast cancer occurs in men?

A

1%

74
Q

who is at an increased risk of breast cancer?

A
  • women who menstrate before 11 YO
  • women who give birth after 35 YO
  • women with family history of breast cancer
  • women with prior breast biopsies
  • white woman have higher rates
  • hispanc/african woman have increased mortality rate
75
Q

when are self-breast exams and mammograms recommended?

A

women over 40 YO

76
Q

when do women experience menopause?

A

40s-50s

77
Q

what happens during menopause?

A
  • gamete maturation stops
  • decrease in hormones causes atrophy of reproductive organs
  • increased risk of heart disease and osteoporosis
78
Q

what is the most used contraceptive?

A

birth control pills

79
Q

how do birth control pills work?

A
  • constant supply of ovarian hormones simulate pregnancy
  • ovarian follicles dont mature, ovulation ceases, and menstrual flow is reduced
80
Q

how do morning after pills work?

A
  • taken within 3 days of unprotected intercourse
  • disrupts normal hormone signals to the point that fertilization does not occur
81
Q

minipill and norplant =

A

tablet and rods placed under skin that causes cervical mucous to thicken

82
Q

coitus interruptus =

A

withdrawal of penis prior to ejaculation

83
Q

fertility awareness =

A

to avoid intercourse during period of ovulation or fertility

84
Q

what are the barrier methods of birth control?

A
  • diaphrams
  • cervical caps
  • condoms
  • spermicidal foams
  • gels
  • sponges
85
Q

abortion =

A

termination of pregnancy

86
Q

miscarriage =

A

spontaneous abortion which is common and frequently occurs before a woman knows she is pregnant

87
Q

RU486 =

A

abortion pill that induced miscarriage during first 7 weeks of pregnancy( a follow up appointment is critical)

88
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology (18 decks)

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