chapter 13 respiratory system Flashcards
what are the functions of the pulmonary system?
1) ventilation
2) gas exchange
3) gas conditioning
4) sound production
5) olfaction
6) defense
pulmonary ventilation =
inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration)
(gas exchange)
external respiration =
internal respiration =
external respiration = gas exchange between atmosphere and blood
internal respiration = gas exchange between blood and the tissue cells in the body
what does the respiratory system do to condition gas?
1) warms
2) humidifies
3) cleans
what part of the respiratory system is also involved with speech?
larynx
what facial bones form the bridge of the nose?
a pair of nasal bones
what is the main conducting airway for inhaled air?
the nose
what is the dorsum nasi?
the fleshy, cartilaginous part of the nose
what type of tissue is the nasal cavity MOSTLY lined with?
pseudostratified epithelium
where is olfactory epithelium located in the nasal cavity?
the superior part of the nasal cavity
what divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions?
the nasal septum
what forms the lateral wall of each side of the nasal cavity?
superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae
what are sinuses?
air spaces that make bones lighter in weight
what part of the upper respiratory system is shared with the digestive system?
the pharynx
what is the pharynx AKA?
the throat
what are the 3 regions of the pharynx?
1) nasopharynx
2) oropharynx
3) laryngopharynx
what is the pharynx lined with?
mucosa
how does the pharynx controll swallowing?
skeletal muscle in the pharynx controlles swallowing
what 2 portions make up the lower respiratory tract?
1) the conducting portion
2) the respiratory portion
what are the parts and functions of the lower respiratory tract’s conductive portion?
1) larynx
2) trachea
3) bronchi
4) bronchioles
5) terminal bronchioles
their function is to transport air only (no gas exchange)
what are the parts and functions of the lower respiratory tract’s respiratory portion?
1) respiratory bronchioles
2) alveolar ducts
3) alveoli
this portion is responsible for gas echange with the blood
what si the larynx AKA?
voice box
what parts does the larynx connect?
connects the pharynx to the trachea
what are the functions of the larynx?
1) passageway for air
2) prevents ingested material from entering respiratory tract
3) produce sound for speech
4) assist in increasing pressure in the abdominal cavity
5) participates in sneeze and cough reflex
what is the largest cartilage of the larynx?
the thyroid carilage
where is the laryngeal prominence and what is it AKA?
located in the thyroid cartilage it is also known as the adams apple
why is the laryngeal prominence larger in males?
due to testosterone induced growth
what does the epiglottis look like and where is it located?
spoon shaped cartilage that projects superiorly into the pharynx
what does swallowing cause the epiglottis to do?
close the opening to the larynx
what is the trachea AKA?
the windpipe
where is the trachea in relation to the esophagus?
anterior to the esophagus
what is the open space in the trachea called?
the lumen
what do goblet cells produce?
mucus
what type of cartilage is in the trachea?
hyaline cartilage
what are the parts of the bronchial tree from largest to smallest?
1) bronchi
2) lobar bronchi
3) segmental bronchi
4) smaller bronchi
what is the difference between epithelium in the large bronchi and epithelium in the small bronchi?
large bronchi = lined with pseudostratified epithelium
small bronchi = lined with columnar epithelium
where does the smooth muscle in the bronchial wall sit?
ring of smooth muscle sits between mucosa and the cartilaginous supports of the bronchial wall
how large are bronchioles?
less than 1mm in diameter
what are bronchiole walls consisted of?
no cartilage. only relatively thick layer of smooth muscle
what are the final segments of the conducting pathway of the lower respiratory tract?
terminal bronchioles
bronchioconstriction and bronchiodilation =
contraction and relaxation of bronchioles
whats the linear pathway through the respiratory portion of the lower respiratory tract?
1) respiratory bronchioles
2) alveolar ducts
3) alveolar sacs
4) alveoli
what 2 types of cells form the alveolar wall?
alveolar type 1 cells and alveolar type 2 cells
thin wall of alveoli is the site of what?
gas exchange in the lungs
alverolar type 1 cells =
abundant simple squamous epithelial cells that promote rapid diffusion of gases
alveolar type 2 cells =
almost cuboidal in shape they produce pulmonary surfactant
pulmonary surfactant =
substance that decreases surface tension in the alveolus and prevents collapse
what are alveolar macrophages?
cells that engulf microorganisms and particles in the alveoli
respiratory membrane =
thin wall between alveolar lumen and the blood . gases diffuse across the respiratory membrane
what does the respiratory membrane consist of?
1) plasma membrane of the type 1 alveolar cell
2) plasma membrane from the capillary cell
3) fused basement membrane of both cells
pleura =
serous membrane that lines the outside of lung and inside of the thoracic cavity
locations of visceral and parietal pleura =
visceral lines the outside of lung
parietal lines the inside of the thoracic cavity
pleural cavity =
the space between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura
which lung has a third / middle lobe?
the right lung
what is the location of the horizontal fissure in the lung?
located above the middle lobe in the right lung
what is the name of the fissue found on both lungs?
the oblique fissue
hilum =
area where veins and arteries enter and exit the lungs
what are the names of the lobes of the lungs?
superior lobe, middle lobe(right lung only), and inferior lobes
what are the 4 events of respiration?
1) pulmonary ventilation
2) external respiration
3) respiratory gas transport
4) internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation =
moving air in and out of the lungs
external respiration =
gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli
respiratory gas transport =
gas transport via bloodstream
internal respiration =
gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in the systemic capillaries
inhalation =
exhalation =
inhalation = air entering lungs
exhalation = air exiting lungs
pV=k is what?
formula for boyles law
what is boyles law?
boyles law states in a closed space, pressure and volume and inversely related(as volume/size decreases, pressure increases)
pneumothrorax =
collapsed lung
COPD stands for what?
chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
COPD usually exemplified by?
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
what are shared features of COPD?
1) patients almost always have history of smoking
2) labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively worse
3) coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common
4) most COPD patients are hypoxic, retain CO2, and have respiratory acidosis
5) most patients develope respiratory failure
what is the leading cause of death in both men and women?
lung cancer
what % of lung cancer cases result from smoking?
90%
what are 3 common types of lung cancer?
1) adenocarcinoma
2) squamous cell carcinoma
3) small cell carcinoma
