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Anatomy & Physiology > chapter 13 respiratory system > Flashcards

chapter 13 respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the pulmonary system?

A

1) ventilation
2) gas exchange
3) gas conditioning
4) sound production
5) olfaction
6) defense

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2
Q

pulmonary ventilation =

A

inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration)

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3
Q

(gas exchange)

external respiration =

internal respiration =

A

external respiration = gas exchange between atmosphere and blood

internal respiration = gas exchange between blood and the tissue cells in the body

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4
Q

what does the respiratory system do to condition gas?

A

1) warms
2) humidifies
3) cleans

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5
Q

what part of the respiratory system is also involved with speech?

A

larynx

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6
Q

what facial bones form the bridge of the nose?

A

a pair of nasal bones

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7
Q

what is the main conducting airway for inhaled air?

A

the nose

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8
Q

what is the dorsum nasi?

A

the fleshy, cartilaginous part of the nose

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9
Q

what type of tissue is the nasal cavity MOSTLY lined with?

A

pseudostratified epithelium

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10
Q

where is olfactory epithelium located in the nasal cavity?

A

the superior part of the nasal cavity

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11
Q

what divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions?

A

the nasal septum

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12
Q

what forms the lateral wall of each side of the nasal cavity?

A

superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae

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13
Q

what are sinuses?

A

air spaces that make bones lighter in weight

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14
Q

what part of the upper respiratory system is shared with the digestive system?

A

the pharynx

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15
Q

what is the pharynx AKA?

A

the throat

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16
Q

what are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

A

1) nasopharynx
2) oropharynx
3) laryngopharynx

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17
Q

what is the pharynx lined with?

A

mucosa

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18
Q

how does the pharynx controll swallowing?

A

skeletal muscle in the pharynx controlles swallowing

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19
Q

what 2 portions make up the lower respiratory tract?

A

1) the conducting portion
2) the respiratory portion

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20
Q

what are the parts and functions of the lower respiratory tract’s conductive portion?

A

1) larynx
2) trachea
3) bronchi
4) bronchioles
5) terminal bronchioles

their function is to transport air only (no gas exchange)

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21
Q

what are the parts and functions of the lower respiratory tract’s respiratory portion?

A

1) respiratory bronchioles
2) alveolar ducts
3) alveoli

this portion is responsible for gas echange with the blood

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22
Q

what si the larynx AKA?

A

voice box

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23
Q

what parts does the larynx connect?

A

connects the pharynx to the trachea

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24
Q

what are the functions of the larynx?

A

1) passageway for air
2) prevents ingested material from entering respiratory tract
3) produce sound for speech
4) assist in increasing pressure in the abdominal cavity
5) participates in sneeze and cough reflex

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25
Q

what is the largest cartilage of the larynx?

A

the thyroid carilage

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26
Q

where is the laryngeal prominence and what is it AKA?

A

located in the thyroid cartilage it is also known as the adams apple

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27
Q

why is the laryngeal prominence larger in males?

A

due to testosterone induced growth

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28
Q

what does the epiglottis look like and where is it located?

A

spoon shaped cartilage that projects superiorly into the pharynx

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29
Q

what does swallowing cause the epiglottis to do?

A

close the opening to the larynx

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30
Q

what is the trachea AKA?

A

the windpipe

31
Q

where is the trachea in relation to the esophagus?

A

anterior to the esophagus

32
Q

what is the open space in the trachea called?

A

the lumen

33
Q

what do goblet cells produce?

A

mucus

34
Q

what type of cartilage is in the trachea?

A

hyaline cartilage

35
Q

what are the parts of the bronchial tree from largest to smallest?

A

1) bronchi
2) lobar bronchi
3) segmental bronchi
4) smaller bronchi

36
Q

what is the difference between epithelium in the large bronchi and epithelium in the small bronchi?

A

large bronchi = lined with pseudostratified epithelium

small bronchi = lined with columnar epithelium

37
Q

where does the smooth muscle in the bronchial wall sit?

A

ring of smooth muscle sits between mucosa and the cartilaginous supports of the bronchial wall

38
Q

how large are bronchioles?

A

less than 1mm in diameter

39
Q

what are bronchiole walls consisted of?

A

no cartilage. only relatively thick layer of smooth muscle

40
Q

what are the final segments of the conducting pathway of the lower respiratory tract?

A

terminal bronchioles

41
Q

bronchioconstriction and bronchiodilation =

A

contraction and relaxation of bronchioles

42
Q

whats the linear pathway through the respiratory portion of the lower respiratory tract?

A

1) respiratory bronchioles
2) alveolar ducts
3) alveolar sacs
4) alveoli

43
Q

what 2 types of cells form the alveolar wall?

A

alveolar type 1 cells and alveolar type 2 cells

44
Q

thin wall of alveoli is the site of what?

A

gas exchange in the lungs

45
Q

alverolar type 1 cells =

A

abundant simple squamous epithelial cells that promote rapid diffusion of gases

46
Q

alveolar type 2 cells =

A

almost cuboidal in shape they produce pulmonary surfactant

47
Q

pulmonary surfactant =

A

substance that decreases surface tension in the alveolus and prevents collapse

48
Q

what are alveolar macrophages?

A

cells that engulf microorganisms and particles in the alveoli

49
Q

respiratory membrane =

A

thin wall between alveolar lumen and the blood . gases diffuse across the respiratory membrane

50
Q

what does the respiratory membrane consist of?

A

1) plasma membrane of the type 1 alveolar cell
2) plasma membrane from the capillary cell
3) fused basement membrane of both cells

51
Q

pleura =

A

serous membrane that lines the outside of lung and inside of the thoracic cavity

52
Q

locations of visceral and parietal pleura =

A

visceral lines the outside of lung

parietal lines the inside of the thoracic cavity

53
Q

pleural cavity =

A

the space between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura

54
Q

which lung has a third / middle lobe?

A

the right lung

55
Q

what is the location of the horizontal fissure in the lung?

A

located above the middle lobe in the right lung

56
Q

what is the name of the fissue found on both lungs?

A

the oblique fissue

57
Q

hilum =

A

area where veins and arteries enter and exit the lungs

58
Q

what are the names of the lobes of the lungs?

A

superior lobe, middle lobe(right lung only), and inferior lobes

59
Q

what are the 4 events of respiration?

A

1) pulmonary ventilation
2) external respiration
3) respiratory gas transport
4) internal respiration

60
Q

pulmonary ventilation =

A

moving air in and out of the lungs

61
Q

external respiration =

A

gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli

62
Q

respiratory gas transport =

A

gas transport via bloodstream

63
Q

internal respiration =

A

gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in the systemic capillaries

64
Q

inhalation =

exhalation =

A

inhalation = air entering lungs

exhalation = air exiting lungs

65
Q

pV=k is what?

A

formula for boyles law

66
Q

what is boyles law?

A

boyles law states in a closed space, pressure and volume and inversely related(as volume/size decreases, pressure increases)

67
Q

pneumothrorax =

A

collapsed lung

68
Q

COPD stands for what?

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder

69
Q

COPD usually exemplified by?

A

chronic bronchitis and emphysema

70
Q

what are shared features of COPD?

A

1) patients almost always have history of smoking
2) labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively worse
3) coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common
4) most COPD patients are hypoxic, retain CO2, and have respiratory acidosis
5) most patients develope respiratory failure

71
Q

what is the leading cause of death in both men and women?

A

lung cancer

72
Q

what % of lung cancer cases result from smoking?

A

90%

73
Q

what are 3 common types of lung cancer?

A

1) adenocarcinoma
2) squamous cell carcinoma
3) small cell carcinoma

74
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology (18 decks)

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