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Anatomy & Physiology > chapter 11 cardiovascular system > Flashcards

chapter 11 cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the average BPM for a healthy adult?

A

75 BPM

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2
Q

arteries =

A

vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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3
Q

veins =

A

vessels that carry blood back to the heart

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4
Q

great vessels =

A

arteries and veins entering and exiting the heart

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5
Q

the heart has 2 side by side pumps in it. where does each one direct blood?

A

right side = directs blood to the lungs to oxygenate the blood

left side = directs blood to body tissues to transport:

1) respiratory gases
2) nutrients
3) hormones
4) waste

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6
Q

blood pressure =

A

the force of the blood pushing against the inside walls of the blood vessels

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7
Q

how does the heart generate BP?

A

by alternating cycles of contraction and relaxation

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8
Q

pulmonary circulation =

A

pumps deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs, and then returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium

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9
Q

systemic circulation =

A

pumps oxygenated blood from the left ventricle and transports respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste to and from tissues of the body. then deoxygenated blood is returned to the right atrium

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10
Q

pericardium =

A

tough sac that encloses the heart

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11
Q

pericardium function =

A

to restrict movement of the heart in the thorax

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12
Q

what 2 parts is the pericardium composed of?

A

1) fibrous pericardium
2) serous pericardium

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13
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium?

A

tough outter sac

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14
Q

what is the serous pericardium?

A

serous membrane composed of visceral and parietal layers

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15
Q

where is the pericardial cavity?

A

thin space between the two layers of serous pericardium that contains serous fluid

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16
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart wall from superficial to deep?

A

1) epicardium
2) myocardium
3) endocardium

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17
Q

epicardium =

A

visceral layer of serous pericardium

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18
Q

myocardium =

A

cardiac muscle (thickest of the 3 layers)

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19
Q

endocardium =

A

internal surface of the heart chambers

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20
Q

which chambers in the heart are the smaller chambers?

A

the 2 atria

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21
Q

what does the anterior part of each atrium form?

A

an auricle

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22
Q

what is the flow of blood through the heart?

A

right atrium___right ventricle___lungs___left atrium___left ventricle___body tissues___right atrium

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23
Q

what sides of the heart are responsible for what circulatory systems?

A

right side = pulmonary

left side = systemic

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24
Q

coronary sulcus =

A

the groove separating the atria and ventricles

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25
Q

where is the anterior interventricular sulcus located?

where is the posterior interventricular sulcus located?

A

anterior interventricular sulcus = between ventricles on the anterior side of the heart

posterior interventricular sulcus = between ventricles on the posterior side of the heart

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26
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

right atrium

right ventricle

left atrium

left ventricle

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27
Q

what are the two atrioventricular valves and their locations?

A

tricuspid valve (between the right atrium and right ventricle)

bicuspid/mitral valve (between the left atrium and the left ventricle)

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28
Q

what are the 2 semilunar valves and their locations?

A

pulmonary semilunar valve (between right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk)

aortic semilunar valve (between left ventricle and aorta)

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29
Q

closure of which valves cause the first heart sound “lubb”?

A

the atrioventricular valves

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30
Q

closure of what valves causes the second heart sound “dupp”?

A

the semilunar valves

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31
Q

how many flaps does the pulmonary semilunar valve have?

A

3

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32
Q

what is the physical difference between the right and left ventricular walls?

A

the left ventricular wall is about 3 times thicker than the right

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33
Q

how are oxygen and nutrients dilivered to the heart muscle?

A

coronary arteries

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34
Q

how do cardiac muscle fibers contract as a single unit?

A

the intercalated disks between muscle cells contain gap junctions which allow electrical impulses to be distributed immediately and spontaneously throughout the myocardium

35
Q

sinoatrial node (S/A Node) =

A

the hearts pacemaker

electrical impulses of the heart begin here

36
Q

where is the sinoatrial node (S/A Node) located?

A

on the posterior wall of the right atrium

37
Q

electrical impulse travels from the sinoatrial node to where?

A

from the SA node to the atrioventricular node and to the left atrium via gap junctions

38
Q

where is the atrioventricular node located?

A

the floor of the right atrium

39
Q

cardiac cycle =

A

time from the start of one heartbeat to the start of the next

(includes both contraction and relaxation)

40
Q

systole=

A

contraction of a heart chamber

41
Q

diastole =

A

relaxation of a heart chamber

42
Q

systolic / diastolic millimeters of murcury =

A

blood pressure screening

43
Q

BP of a healthy adult?

A

120/80 mm H/G or below

44
Q

CO =

A

cardiac output

45
Q

cardiac output =

A

the amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in 1 minute

46
Q

SV =

A

stroke volume

47
Q

stroke volume =

A

volume of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one contraction

48
Q

how much blood is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat?

A

about 70ML

49
Q

what 3 factors modify heartrate?

A

1) neural controls (ANS)
2) hormones and ions
3) physical factors

50
Q

which branches of the nervous system affect the heart and how is it affected by each branch?

A

1) sympathetic nervous system speeds heart rate
2) parasympathetic nervous system slows heart rate

51
Q

how do ions affect HR?

A

excess or lack of calcium, sodium, or potassium ions can modify HR

52
Q

of arteries and veins, which have thicker walls?

A

arteries have thicker walls

53
Q

what are the 3 layers of the walls of veins and arteries? (superficial to deep)

A

1) tunica externa
2) tunica media
3) tunica intima

54
Q

blood flow through the different types of arteries and veins =

A

elastic arteries___muscular arteries___arterioles___capillaries___venules___small to medium sized veins___large veins

55
Q

which types of blood vessels have valves?

A

veins

56
Q

what are the 3 different types of arteries?

(largest to smallest)

A

1) elastic arteries
2) muscluar arteries
3) arterioles

57
Q

which arteries contain elastic fibers?

A

elastic arteries and muscular arteries

58
Q

what do elastic fibers allow arteries to do?

A

allows them to stretch when the heart pumps blood through them

59
Q

what are the 2 layers of elastic fiber in muscular arteries?

A

2 concentric rings:

1) internal elastic lamina
2) external elastic lamina

60
Q

where is the internal elastic lamina?

(muscular arteries)

A

between tunica intima and tunica media

61
Q

where is the external elastic lamina?

(muscular arteries)

A

between the tunica media and tunica externa

62
Q

most names arteries are which type of arteries?

A

muscular arteries

63
Q

how many layers of smooth muscle cells are in the tunica media of arterioles?

A

less than 6 layers of smooth muscle cells

64
Q

what causes vasoconstriction of tunica muscle fibers of arterioles?

what does the vasoconstriction cause?

A

sympathetic innervation

vasoconstriction elevates blood pressure upstream and reduces flow to downstream capillaries

65
Q

what is the diameter of capillaries?

A

theyre slightly larger than erythrocytes

(smallest blood vessels)

66
Q

most capillary walls consist of only what?

A

only tunica intima(single layer of endothelial cells) and a basement membrane

67
Q

what is the function of blood capillaries?

A

allow metabolic exchange between blood and tissue

68
Q

what feeds capillary beds?

A

metarterioles

69
Q

what is a precapillary sphincter and where are they located?

A

smooth muscle around a capillary that controls blood flow

theyre located at the origin of each true capillary

70
Q

what are the 3 different types of blood capillaries?

A

1) continuous
2) fenestrated
3) sinusoids

71
Q

capillaries where endothelial cells form a complete lining aided by tight junctions =

A

continuous capillaries

72
Q

capillaries where endothelial cells contain pores that allow fluid exchange between blood and interstitial fluid =

A

fenestrated capillaries

73
Q

capillaries that have large gaps between endothelial cells and a discontinuous/absent basement membrane which allows transport of large molecules and cells from blood =

A

sinusoids

74
Q

how much of the bodies blood is held in veins at rest?

A

about 60%

75
Q

venules merge to form what?

A

veins

76
Q

smaller and medium sized veins travel with what other vessels?

A

muscular arteries

77
Q

large veins travel with what other vessels?

A

elastic arteries

78
Q

what is the skeletal muscle pump?

A

muscles bulge as they contract and push on veins, helping move more blood to the heart

79
Q

why do veins have valves?

A

to prevent pooling and allow flow in only one direction

80
Q

what are the 2 venous pumps that assist in getting blood back to the heart?

A

1) skeletal muscle pump
2) respiratory pump

81
Q

atherosclerosis stage 1 =

A

1) excess LDL enter arterial wall and become oxidized
2) WBCs eat LDL molecules and form foam cells

82
Q

atherosclerosis stage 2 =

A

1) fibrous cap forms over lipid core
2) becomes calcified and hardens arteries

83
Q

atherosclerosis stage 3 =

A

plaque ruptures and blood clott forms

84
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology (18 decks)

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