Chapter 2 (basic chemistry) Flashcards
what is matter?
anything that occupies space and has mass
what are the three states of matter?
solid, liquid, and gaseous
define solid matter
definite shape and volume
define liquid matter
definite volume; shape of container
gaseous
neither a definite shape or volume
how can matter be changed?
physically or chemically
how do physical changes to matter alter the basic nature of a substance?
they do not alter the basic nature of a substance
what are chemical changes to matter?
changes in matter that alter the chemical composition of a substance.
what is kinetic energy?
energy that is doing work
what is potential energy?
energy that is inactive or stored
what is chemical energy?
energy that is stored in the chemical bonds of substances
what is electrical energy?
energy that is the result of the movement of charged particles
what is mechanical energy?
energy directly involved in moving matter
what is radiant energy?
energy that travels in electromagnetic waves
what does ATP do?
traps the chemical energy of food in its bonds
what does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
96% of the human body is made of which 4 elements?
oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N)
what is the most common element in the body and what % of the body’s mass does it comprise?
oxygen 65%
how are protons charged?
positively
how are neutrons charged?
neutral (uncharged)
how are electrons charged?
negatively
how are all atoms charged?
neutral
in relation to atoms, positive and negative charges do what to each other?
cancel eachother out
how many protons and electrons are present in an atom?
an equal amount thus atoms are neutrally charged (uncharged)
what is an ion?
atoms that have lost or gained electrons making them electrically charged
what determines an atom’s chemical behavior and bonding properties?
its electrons
what is in the atomic nucleus?
protons and neutrons
what orbits the nucleus in an atom?
electrons
what is an atomic number?
equal to the numbers of protons that the atom contains
what is atomic mass number?
sum of protons and neutrons contained in an atoms nucleus
atomic weight
approximately equal to the mass number of the elements most abundant isotope
what is a molecule
two or more atoms of the same element combined chemically
in a chemical equation what are the reactants? H+H=H2
the atoms(on the left)
in a chemical equation, what is the product?
the molecule(on the right)
how is a molecule of a compound made?
when two or more atoms of different elements combine chemically
what is a synthesis reaction?
a chemical reaction where atoms or molecules combine to form larger/more complex molecules (anabolic reaction)
what happens to energy in a synthesis reaction?
energy is absorbed
what is a decomposition reaction?
a chemical reaction where molecules are broken down into smaller/simpler molecules
what happens to energy in a decomposition reaction?
energy is released
exchange reaction
simultaneous synthesis and decomposition reactions
what type of chemical reaction does this equation represent? (AB+CD—->AD+CB)
exchange reaction
what is a hydrolysis reaction?
chemical reactions that require water
is water an organic or inorganic compound?
inorganic
what is the most abundunt inorganic compound in the body and how much of us does it make up?
water makes up 2/3 of us
what are the vital properties of water?
high heat capacity, polarity/solvent properties, chemical reactivity, cushioning
what are solutes?
solids, liquids, or gasses that are dissolved or suspended by solvent
what are solvents?
liquids or gasses that dissolve smaller amounts of solutes
how is solution formed?
when suspended solutes are very tiny
what are colloids?
suspended solutes of intermediate size form a translucent mixture
true or false? water is important in some chemical reactions?
true
what fluid protects the brain?
cerebrospinal fluid
what are electrolytes?
ions that conduct electrical currents
what are proton donors? acids or bases?
acids
what are electrolytes that ionize in water and release hydrogen ions (H+)?
acids
what are electrolytes that ionize in water and release hydroxyl ions (OH-)?
bases
what are proton acceptors? acids or bases?
bases
what is a neutralization reaction?
a type of exchange reaction where acids and bases react to form water and salt
ph scale runs from __ to __
0-14
what is the pH scale based on?
the number of protons in a solution
what does pH measure?
concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in body fluids
what is OH-?
hydroxyl ions (negatively charged ions)
what is H+?
hydrogen ions (positively charged ions)
when pH level is changed, what else changes?
Hydrogen (H+) /Hydroxyl (OH-) ratio
a change of 1 pH unit means how much hydrogen (H+) concentration will be changed?
10X
what pH level is neutral?
7
acidic solutions have a pH of?
less than 7
basic solutions have a ph of ?
more than 7
what is a buffer?
a chemical that can regulate a pH change
what are polymers
chain-like molecules made of similar or repeating monomers
what is dehydration synthesis?
monomers join to form polymers through the removal of water
hydrolysis
when polymers are broken down into monomers through the addition of water
why is oxygen important to ATP
oxygen is required to oxidize food fuels which is required to produce ATP
what elements do carbohydrates contain?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen,
how are carbohydrates cassified?
according to size and solubility in water
how many sub-types of carbohydrates are there?
3
what are the sub-types of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides
what are monosaccharides?
simple sugars
what are disaccharides?
two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis
what are polysaccharides?
long-branching chains of linked simple sugars
what type of structures are monosaccharides?
single chain/single ring structures
how many carbon atoms do monosaccharides contain?
3-7
can disaccharides pass through cell membranes?
no they are too large?
what type of carbs are insoluble
polysaccharides
what type of carbohydrate functions as an energy storage?
polysaccharides
what are the most abundant lipids in the body?
triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
what elements do lipids contain?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
what are lipids soluble in?
other lipids but not water
in lipids 2 of the elements outnumber the other, which are they?
carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
where are triglycerides found?
fat deposits (subcutaneous tissue around organs)
what is the function of triglycerides?
*protect and insulate organs, *store energy
where are phospholipids found?
in cell membranes abundant in the brain and nervous tissue
what do phospholipids form in the brain and nervous tissue?
insulating white matter
what are the types of steroids?
cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, sex hormones, corticosteroids
what is cholesterol?
the basis of all steroids made in the body
what are triglycerides composed of?
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule
fatty acid chains of triglycerides that are straight are what type of fat?
saturated fat
fatty acid chains of triglycerides that are kinked are what?
unsaturated fats
what are trans fats?
oils that have been solidified by the addition of hydrogen atoms
where are omega-3 fatty acids found?
cold water fish and plant sources
what part of phospholipids interacts with water and what part does not?
the charged head region interacts with water and the fatty acid chains do not
how much of the body’s organic matter do proteins account for?
over half
what is the function of proteins?
*provide construction materials for body tissues, *play vital roll in cell function, *act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
what elements do proteins contain?
*carbon, *hydrogen, *nitrogen, *sometimes sulfur
what are proteins built from?
amino acids
what makes up the structure amino acid?
*an amine group, *an acid group, *an R group
how do amino acids vary?
only by R groups
polypeptides contain how many amino acids?
less than 50
how many amino acids are there in proteins?
more than 50
how many amino acids are there in large, complex proteins?
50-thousands
fibrous proteins are also called what?
structural proteins
where do fibrous proteins appear?
in body structures
what type of protein binds structures together and exist in body tissues?
fibrous proteins
Globular proteins are also called?
functional proteins
how do globular proteins function?
as antibodies, hormones, or enzymes
the bonds of what element are critical for the maintenance of structure in globular proteins?
hydrogen
what type of protein can be denatured and no longer perform physiological roles?
globular proteins
whats another word for antibodies?
immunoglobins
what are antibodies?
highly specialized proteins that recognize, combine with, and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses
what is a growth hormone?
anabolic hormone necessary for optimal growth
what are transport proteins?
proteins in the blood that carry oxygen, iron, cholesterol, or other substances
what is an enzyme?
biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reaction
what happens in the absence of enzymes?
biochemical reactions cease
what are enzymes essential to?
virtually every biochemical reaction in the body
what is the suffix that means enzyme?
-ase
what what elements are nucleic acids made of?
*carbon, *oxygen, *hydrogen, *nitrogen, *phosphorous
what are the largest biological molecules in the body?
nucleic acids
what are the 2 major kinds of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
what building blocks are nucleic acids build from?
nucleotides
how many parts do nucleotides contain?
3
what are the parts of nucleotides?
*a nitrogenous base *pentose (5-carbon) sugar *a phosphate group
where is DNA found and what is its function?
found in the cells nucleus it provides instructions for every protein in the body
what is DNA?
genetic material
when does DNA replicate?
before cell division
what is RNA created from?
a template of DNA
what is the function of RNA?
carries out DNA’s instructions for protein synthesis
what are the 3 varieties of RNA?
messenger, transfer, and ribosomal
what is ATP composed of?
ribose sugar, adenine base, and 3 phosphate group
how is energy released from ATP?
by breaking high energy phosphate bonds
when does ADP acumulate?
as ATP is used
how is ATP replenished?
by oxidizing food fuels
what are the 3 types of cellular work that ATP drive?
chemical work, transport work, and mechanical work
ATP activates contractile proteins in muscles so that the cells can shorten to perform work. what is this an example of what type of cellular work?
mechanical work
ATP drives the transport of certain solutes across cell membranes. this is an example of what type of cellular work?
transport work
ATP provides the energy needed to drive energy-absorbing chemical reactions. this is an example of what type of work?
chemical work
what is a polypeptide?
part of or an entire protein molecule
how much carbon is in a human body
18.5
how much hydrogen is in the human body?
9.5
how much nitrogen is in the human body?
3.5
