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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 2 (basic chemistry) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (basic chemistry) Flashcards

1
Q

what is matter?

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

what are the three states of matter?

A

solid, liquid, and gaseous

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3
Q

define solid matter

A

definite shape and volume

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4
Q

define liquid matter

A

definite volume; shape of container

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5
Q

gaseous

A

neither a definite shape or volume

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6
Q

how can matter be changed?

A

physically or chemically

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7
Q

how do physical changes to matter alter the basic nature of a substance?

A

they do not alter the basic nature of a substance

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8
Q

what are chemical changes to matter?

A

changes in matter that alter the chemical composition of a substance.

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9
Q

what is kinetic energy?

A

energy that is doing work

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10
Q

what is potential energy?

A

energy that is inactive or stored

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11
Q

what is chemical energy?

A

energy that is stored in the chemical bonds of substances

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12
Q

what is electrical energy?

A

energy that is the result of the movement of charged particles

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13
Q

what is mechanical energy?

A

energy directly involved in moving matter

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14
Q

what is radiant energy?

A

energy that travels in electromagnetic waves

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15
Q

what does ATP do?

A

traps the chemical energy of food in its bonds

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16
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

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17
Q

96% of the human body is made of which 4 elements?

A

oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N)

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18
Q

what is the most common element in the body and what % of the body’s mass does it comprise?

A

oxygen 65%

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19
Q

how are protons charged?

A

positively

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20
Q

how are neutrons charged?

A

neutral (uncharged)

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21
Q

how are electrons charged?

A

negatively

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22
Q

how are all atoms charged?

A

neutral

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23
Q

in relation to atoms, positive and negative charges do what to each other?

A

cancel eachother out

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24
Q

how many protons and electrons are present in an atom?

A

an equal amount thus atoms are neutrally charged (uncharged)

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25
Q

what is an ion?

A

atoms that have lost or gained electrons making them electrically charged

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26
Q

what determines an atom’s chemical behavior and bonding properties?

A

its electrons

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27
Q

what is in the atomic nucleus?

A

protons and neutrons

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28
Q

what orbits the nucleus in an atom?

A

electrons

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29
Q

what is an atomic number?

A

equal to the numbers of protons that the atom contains

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30
Q

what is atomic mass number?

A

sum of protons and neutrons contained in an atoms nucleus

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31
Q

atomic weight

A

approximately equal to the mass number of the elements most abundant isotope

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32
Q

what is a molecule

A

two or more atoms of the same element combined chemically

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33
Q

in a chemical equation what are the reactants? H+H=H2

A

the atoms(on the left)

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34
Q

in a chemical equation, what is the product?

A

the molecule(on the right)

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35
Q

how is a molecule of a compound made?

A

when two or more atoms of different elements combine chemically

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36
Q

what is a synthesis reaction?

A

a chemical reaction where atoms or molecules combine to form larger/more complex molecules (anabolic reaction)

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37
Q

what happens to energy in a synthesis reaction?

A

energy is absorbed

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38
Q

what is a decomposition reaction?

A

a chemical reaction where molecules are broken down into smaller/simpler molecules

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39
Q

what happens to energy in a decomposition reaction?

A

energy is released

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40
Q

exchange reaction

A

simultaneous synthesis and decomposition reactions

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41
Q

what type of chemical reaction does this equation represent? (AB+CD—->AD+CB)

A

exchange reaction

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42
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

chemical reactions that require water

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43
Q

is water an organic or inorganic compound?

A

inorganic

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44
Q

what is the most abundunt inorganic compound in the body and how much of us does it make up?

A

water makes up 2/3 of us

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45
Q

what are the vital properties of water?

A

high heat capacity, polarity/solvent properties, chemical reactivity, cushioning

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46
Q

what are solutes?

A

solids, liquids, or gasses that are dissolved or suspended by solvent

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47
Q

what are solvents?

A

liquids or gasses that dissolve smaller amounts of solutes

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48
Q

how is solution formed?

A

when suspended solutes are very tiny

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49
Q

what are colloids?

A

suspended solutes of intermediate size form a translucent mixture

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50
Q

true or false? water is important in some chemical reactions?

A

true

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51
Q

what fluid protects the brain?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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52
Q

what are electrolytes?

A

ions that conduct electrical currents

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53
Q

what are proton donors? acids or bases?

A

acids

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54
Q

what are electrolytes that ionize in water and release hydrogen ions (H+)?

A

acids

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55
Q

what are electrolytes that ionize in water and release hydroxyl ions (OH-)?

A

bases

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56
Q

what are proton acceptors? acids or bases?

A

bases

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57
Q

what is a neutralization reaction?

A

a type of exchange reaction where acids and bases react to form water and salt

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58
Q

ph scale runs from __ to __

A

0-14

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59
Q

what is the pH scale based on?

A

the number of protons in a solution

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60
Q

what does pH measure?

A

concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in body fluids

61
Q

what is OH-?

A

hydroxyl ions (negatively charged ions)

62
Q

what is H+?

A

hydrogen ions (positively charged ions)

63
Q

when pH level is changed, what else changes?

A

Hydrogen (H+) /Hydroxyl (OH-) ratio

64
Q

a change of 1 pH unit means how much hydrogen (H+) concentration will be changed?

A

10X

65
Q

what pH level is neutral?

A

7

66
Q

acidic solutions have a pH of?

A

less than 7

67
Q

basic solutions have a ph of ?

A

more than 7

68
Q

what is a buffer?

A

a chemical that can regulate a pH change

69
Q

what are polymers

A

chain-like molecules made of similar or repeating monomers

70
Q

what is dehydration synthesis?

A

monomers join to form polymers through the removal of water

71
Q

hydrolysis

A

when polymers are broken down into monomers through the addition of water

72
Q

why is oxygen important to ATP

A

oxygen is required to oxidize food fuels which is required to produce ATP

73
Q

what elements do carbohydrates contain?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen,

74
Q

how are carbohydrates cassified?

A

according to size and solubility in water

75
Q

how many sub-types of carbohydrates are there?

A

3

76
Q

what are the sub-types of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides

77
Q

what are monosaccharides?

A

simple sugars

78
Q

what are disaccharides?

A

two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis

79
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

long-branching chains of linked simple sugars

80
Q

what type of structures are monosaccharides?

A

single chain/single ring structures

81
Q

how many carbon atoms do monosaccharides contain?

A

3-7

82
Q

can disaccharides pass through cell membranes?

A

no they are too large?

83
Q

what type of carbs are insoluble

A

polysaccharides

84
Q

what type of carbohydrate functions as an energy storage?

A

polysaccharides

85
Q

what are the most abundant lipids in the body?

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

86
Q

what elements do lipids contain?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

87
Q

what are lipids soluble in?

A

other lipids but not water

88
Q

in lipids 2 of the elements outnumber the other, which are they?

A

carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen

89
Q

where are triglycerides found?

A

fat deposits (subcutaneous tissue around organs)

90
Q

what is the function of triglycerides?

A

*protect and insulate organs, *store energy

91
Q

where are phospholipids found?

A

in cell membranes abundant in the brain and nervous tissue

92
Q

what do phospholipids form in the brain and nervous tissue?

A

insulating white matter

93
Q

what are the types of steroids?

A

cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, sex hormones, corticosteroids

94
Q

what is cholesterol?

A

the basis of all steroids made in the body

95
Q

what are triglycerides composed of?

A

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule

96
Q

fatty acid chains of triglycerides that are straight are what type of fat?

A

saturated fat

97
Q

fatty acid chains of triglycerides that are kinked are what?

A

unsaturated fats

98
Q

what are trans fats?

A

oils that have been solidified by the addition of hydrogen atoms

99
Q

where are omega-3 fatty acids found?

A

cold water fish and plant sources

100
Q

what part of phospholipids interacts with water and what part does not?

A

the charged head region interacts with water and the fatty acid chains do not

101
Q

how much of the body’s organic matter do proteins account for?

A

over half

102
Q

what is the function of proteins?

A

*provide construction materials for body tissues, *play vital roll in cell function, *act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

103
Q

what elements do proteins contain?

A

*carbon, *hydrogen, *nitrogen, *sometimes sulfur

104
Q

what are proteins built from?

A

amino acids

105
Q

what makes up the structure amino acid?

A

*an amine group, *an acid group, *an R group

106
Q

how do amino acids vary?

A

only by R groups

107
Q

polypeptides contain how many amino acids?

A

less than 50

108
Q

how many amino acids are there in proteins?

A

more than 50

109
Q

how many amino acids are there in large, complex proteins?

A

50-thousands

110
Q

fibrous proteins are also called what?

A

structural proteins

111
Q

where do fibrous proteins appear?

A

in body structures

112
Q

what type of protein binds structures together and exist in body tissues?

A

fibrous proteins

113
Q

Globular proteins are also called?

A

functional proteins

114
Q

how do globular proteins function?

A

as antibodies, hormones, or enzymes

115
Q

the bonds of what element are critical for the maintenance of structure in globular proteins?

A

hydrogen

116
Q

what type of protein can be denatured and no longer perform physiological roles?

A

globular proteins

117
Q

whats another word for antibodies?

A

immunoglobins

118
Q

what are antibodies?

A

highly specialized proteins that recognize, combine with, and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses

119
Q

what is a growth hormone?

A

anabolic hormone necessary for optimal growth

120
Q

what are transport proteins?

A

proteins in the blood that carry oxygen, iron, cholesterol, or other substances

121
Q

what is an enzyme?

A

biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reaction

122
Q

what happens in the absence of enzymes?

A

biochemical reactions cease

123
Q

what are enzymes essential to?

A

virtually every biochemical reaction in the body

124
Q

what is the suffix that means enzyme?

A

-ase

125
Q

what what elements are nucleic acids made of?

A

*carbon, *oxygen, *hydrogen, *nitrogen, *phosphorous

126
Q

what are the largest biological molecules in the body?

A

nucleic acids

127
Q

what are the 2 major kinds of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

128
Q

what building blocks are nucleic acids build from?

A

nucleotides

129
Q

how many parts do nucleotides contain?

A

3

130
Q

what are the parts of nucleotides?

A

*a nitrogenous base *pentose (5-carbon) sugar *a phosphate group

131
Q

where is DNA found and what is its function?

A

found in the cells nucleus it provides instructions for every protein in the body

132
Q

what is DNA?

A

genetic material

133
Q

when does DNA replicate?

A

before cell division

134
Q

what is RNA created from?

A

a template of DNA

135
Q

what is the function of RNA?

A

carries out DNA’s instructions for protein synthesis

136
Q

what are the 3 varieties of RNA?

A

messenger, transfer, and ribosomal

137
Q

what is ATP composed of?

A

ribose sugar, adenine base, and 3 phosphate group

138
Q

how is energy released from ATP?

A

by breaking high energy phosphate bonds

139
Q

when does ADP acumulate?

A

as ATP is used

140
Q

how is ATP replenished?

A

by oxidizing food fuels

141
Q

what are the 3 types of cellular work that ATP drive?

A

chemical work, transport work, and mechanical work

142
Q

ATP activates contractile proteins in muscles so that the cells can shorten to perform work. what is this an example of what type of cellular work?

A

mechanical work

143
Q

ATP drives the transport of certain solutes across cell membranes. this is an example of what type of cellular work?

A

transport work

144
Q

ATP provides the energy needed to drive energy-absorbing chemical reactions. this is an example of what type of work?

A

chemical work

145
Q

what is a polypeptide?

A

part of or an entire protein molecule

146
Q

how much carbon is in a human body

A

18.5

147
Q

how much hydrogen is in the human body?

A

9.5

148
Q

how much nitrogen is in the human body?

A

3.5

Anatomy & Physiology (18 decks)

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