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Anatomy & Physiology > chapter 7 nervous system > Flashcards

chapter 7 nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the basic subdivisions of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system (CNS)

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

what are the organs in the central nervous system?

A

brain

spinal cord

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3
Q

what are the functions of the central nervous system?

A

1) interpret incoming sensory info
2) issues ongoing instructions

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4
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

1) spinal nerves
2) cranial nerves
3) ganglia

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5
Q

what are the functions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

to serve as communication lines between:

1) sensory organs
2) the brain and spinal cord
3) muscles or glands

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6
Q

Afferent =

A

input

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7
Q

Efferent =

A

output

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8
Q

somatic =

A

voluntary

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9
Q

autonomic =

A

involuntary

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10
Q

somatic sensory nerve fibers carry info from where to where?

A

from:

sensory receptors

to the CNS

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11
Q

visceral sensory nerve fibers carry info from where to where?

A

from visceral organs to CNS

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12
Q

motor nerve fibers carry impulses from where to where?

A

from CNS to effector organs

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13
Q

what are the 2 efferent subdivisions?

A

1) somatic nervous system
2) autonomic nervous system

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14
Q

what does the somatic nervous system control?

A

voluntarily controls skeletal muscles

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15
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

involuntarily controls:

1) smooth muscle
2) cardiac muscle
3) glands

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16
Q

what subdivisions is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

A

1) sympathetic nervous system
2) parasympathetic nervous system

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17
Q

what divisions of the nervous system is acetylcholine found in?

A

all divisions of NS

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18
Q

what divisions of the nervous system is norepinephrine found in?

A

sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

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19
Q

what division of the nervous system is epinephrine found in?

A

the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

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20
Q

which division of the nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response?

A

the sympathetic nervous system(autonomic)

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21
Q

which division of nervous system is responsible for rest and digest?

A

the parasympatheic nervous system (autonomic)

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22
Q

what is the function of fight or flight?

A

increase alertness and metabolic activities

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23
Q

what is the function of rest and digest?

A

conserve energy and replenish nutrient stores

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24
Q

why remember the parasympathetic division as the D division?

A

facilitates:

1) digestion
2) defecation
3) diuresis

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25
Q

why remember the sympathetic division as the E division?

A

associated with:

1) exercise
2) excitement
3) emergency
4) embarrassment

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26
Q

what happens when the heart is stimulated by either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems?

A

stimulated by parasympathetic NS: HR slows and becomes more steady

stimulated by the sympathetic NS: increased rate and force of heartbeat

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27
Q

what are the functions of neuroglia?

A

1) support
2) insulate
3) protect

neurons

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28
Q

what 2 cell types is nervous tissue made of?

A

1) neurons
2) neuroglia

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29
Q

3 facts about neuroglia?

A

1) resemble neurons
2) cant conduct nerve impulses
3) never lose ability to divide

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30
Q

where are astrocytes located and what shape are they?

A

located in CNS they are star shapped

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31
Q

what are the functions of astrocytes?

A

1) brace and anchor neurons to blood capillaries
2) determine exchanges between blood capillaries and neurons
3) protect neurons from harmful substances in the blood
4) control chemical environment of brain

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32
Q

wheres microglia found and what shape are they?

A

CNS shaped like spiders

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33
Q

what are the functions of microglia?

A

1) monitor health of nearby neurons
2) dispose of debris

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34
Q

what are ependymal cells and where are they located?

A

ciliated glial cells in the CNS that line the cavities of the brain and spinal cordand help circulate CSF

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35
Q

what are oligodendrocytes and where are they located?

A

glial cells in the CNS

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36
Q

what are the functions of oligodendrocytes

A

wrap around nerve cells in the CNS and produce myelin sheaths

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37
Q

what are the names of the glial cells in the peripheral nervous system?

A

1) schwann cells
2) satellite cells

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38
Q

schwann cell function:

A

form myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the PNS

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39
Q

satellite cell function:

A

protect and cusion neuron cell bodies

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40
Q

what are the major regions of all neurons?

A

1) cell body
2) processes

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41
Q

what does the cell body of a neuron contain?

A

1) nucleus with large nucleolus
2) nissl bodies
3) neurofibrils

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42
Q

what are neurofibrils?

A

intermediate filaments that maintain cell shape

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43
Q

what are nissl bodies?

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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44
Q

endoneurium =

A

connective tissue wrapped around a single axon

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45
Q

perineurium =

A

connective tissue wrapped around a fascicle of axons

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46
Q

epineurium =

A

connective tissue that wraps around entire nerve structure

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47
Q

what are the 3 functional classes of neurons?

A

1) sensory
2) motor
3) interneurons

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48
Q

what is nervous tissue matter made of?

A

neurons and glial cells

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49
Q

what different types of nervous matter is there?

A

1) grey matter
2) white matter

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50
Q

how many axons does a neuron have?

A

1 or none

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51
Q

what do axons transmit?

where do axons transmit them?

A

nerve impulses

away from the cells body to other cells

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52
Q

what is a synapse?

A

the junction between 2 nerve cells

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53
Q

what is grey matter made of?

A

1) neuron cell bodies
2) dendrites
3) unmyelinated axons

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54
Q

what is white matter made of?

A

myelinated axons

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55
Q

what is the function of interneurons?

A

they facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons in the CNS

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56
Q

what are nerves?

A

bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system

57
Q

what are tracts?

A

bundles of axons in the central nervous system

58
Q

what are nuclei in the nervous system?

A

clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

59
Q

what are ganglia?

A

clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

60
Q

what is the function of sensory neurons?

A

transmit impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS

61
Q

what is the function of motor neurons?

A

transmit nerve impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands)

62
Q

motor nerves are located on which side of the spinal cord?

A

anterior

63
Q

sensory nerves are located on which side of the spinal cord?

A

posterior

64
Q

3 STRUCTURAL classifications of neurons?

A

1) uni polar
2) bipolar
3) multipolar

65
Q

unipolar neurons =

A

neurons with single process like a T located on sensory side only

66
Q

bipolar neurons =

A

neuron with 2 processes (1 axon 1 dendrite) located only in the eyes and ears

67
Q

multipolar neurons =

A

motor neurons and interneurons with many dendrite processes and a single axon. most common neuron

68
Q

2 functions of spinal nerves:

A

1) a pathway for sensory and motor impulses
2) respinsible for reflexes-our quickest reaction to stimuli

69
Q

what are the dimentions of the spinal cord?

A

3/4 in. diameter x 16-18’’ long

70
Q

the spinal cord extends from where to where?

A

the foramen magnum to the L1 vertebra

71
Q

what are the names of the 5 spinal cord nerve sections and how many nerves are in each of them?

A

cervical / 8 pairs (C1-C8)

thoracic / 12 pairs (T1-T12)

lumbar / 5 pairs (L1-L5)

sacral / 5 pairs (S1-S5)

coccygeal/ 1 pair (CO1)

72
Q

how many total spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

73
Q

cauda equina =

A

where spinal nerves branch off from spinal cord at L1

74
Q

what is the tapering end of the spinal cord called?

A

conus medullaris

75
Q

what is the filum terminale?

A

an extention of pia matter from the end of the spinal cord that is attached to the coccygeal segments

76
Q

what is the cervical enlargement?

A

an enlargement part of the cervical section of the spinal cord that innervates the upper limbs

77
Q

what is the lumbosacral enlargement?

A

the inferior enlargment of the spinal cord that innervates the lower limbs

78
Q

how can you tell which side is which on a spinal cord

A

the posterior horn of the grey matter touches the circumference of the spinal cord

79
Q

what is the epidural space?

A

the space between the periosteum of the vertebrae and the dura mater

80
Q

what is narrow subdural space?

A

potential space separating duramater from deeper arachnoid mater

81
Q

what is subarachnoid space?

A

space around spinal cord filled with cerebrospinal fluid between arachnoid mater and pia mater

82
Q

what is pia mater?

A

the delicate innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord

83
Q

what are the 3 meninges that protect the CNS and what are there respective locations?

A

1) dura mater- outtermost membrane
2) arachnoid mater- middle layer
3) pia mater- inner most layer of the meninges anchored directly to the brain and spinal cord

84
Q

what travels through the central canal of the spinal cord?

A

blood vessels

CSF

85
Q

when is the nervous system formed?

A

during the 1st month of embryonic development

86
Q

what does oxygen deprivation do to brain cells

A

destroys them

87
Q

what is one of the last areas of the brain to develope prenatally and how does that affect premature babies?

A

the hypothalamus, premature babies have trouble regulating body temp due to undeveloped hypothalamus

88
Q

when does brain growth end?

A

young adulthood

89
Q

when neurons die, when are they replaced?

A

theyre not, when theyre gone they are gone

brain mass declines with age

90
Q

which kind of desease is the major cause of declining mental function?

A

cardiovascular disease

91
Q

the brain is composed of what 4 major regions?

A

1) cerebrum
2) diencephalon
3) brainstem
4) cerebellum

92
Q

what are the ridges on the cerebral cortex?

A

gyrus(gyri is plural)

93
Q

what are the depressions between gyrus on the cerebral cortex?

A

sulcus(sulci=plural)

94
Q

what are the directional terms for brain and spinal cord?

A

rostal is anterior (toward the nose)

caudal is posterior (toward the tail)

95
Q

what does the central sulcus separate?

A

the frontal and parietal lobes

96
Q

what does the parieto-occipital sulcus separate?

A

the parietal and occipital lobes

97
Q

what does the lateral solcus separate?

A

the temporal lobes from the rest

98
Q

what are the cerebral hemispheres?

A

left and right hemispheres

99
Q

what are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

A

1) midbrain
2) pons
3) medulla oblongota

100
Q

what are the 3 parts of the diencephalon?

A

1) interthalamic adhesion
2) thalamus
3) hypothalamus

101
Q

what type of matter is the cerebral cortex made of?

A

grey matter

102
Q

what covers most of the surface of an adult brain?

A

cerebral cortex

103
Q

what structures protect the brain?

A

1) cranium
2) protective connective tissue(meninges)
3) CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
4) blood brain barrier (glial and endothelial cells)

104
Q

what are the functions of the meninges?

A

1) separate the brain and spinal cord from the bones
2) protect blood vessels of the brain and form some large veins that drain blood from the brain
3) contains and circulates CSF

105
Q

arachnoid mater resembles what?

A

spider webs

106
Q

how many layers does dura mater have?

A

2

107
Q

what are the 2 layers of dura mater?

A

1) periosteal layer
2) meningeal layer

108
Q

what are ventricles in the brain?

A

cavities that store CSF

109
Q

how many ventricles are in the brain?

A

4

110
Q

what is CSF?

A

cerebrospinal fluid is a clear liquid that circulates in ventricles and subarachnoid space

111
Q

what are the functions of CSF?

A

1) buoyancy
2) protects brain and spinal cord by absorbing shock
3) transports nutrients and removes waste

112
Q

what area of the brain is responsible for concious thought?

A

cerebrum

113
Q

what is the corpus callosum?

A

largest tract that connects the two hemispheres in the brain

114
Q

parietal lobe functions:

A

general sensory (touch, pressure, pain, temp)

115
Q

occipital lobe functions:

A

1) processes incoming visual information
2) stores visual memories

116
Q

insula location:

A

deep to the lateral sulcus

117
Q

what does melatonin regulate?

A

circadian rhythm

118
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

aka relay station.

responsible for unconscious processing of what you see

119
Q

what is the passageway between the cerebrum and spinal cord?

A

brainstem

120
Q

what is the cerebral aqueduct

A

a passage that rxtends through the midbrain and connects the third and fourth ventricles

121
Q

what does the pons help regulate?

A

breathing

122
Q

what “centers” are in the medulla oblongotta

A

1) cadiac center
2) vasomotor center
3) medullary respiratory center

123
Q

what is the medulla oblongotta responsible for?

A

1) regulating heart rate and strength of contraction
2) controlling blood pressure by regulating the smooth muscle walls of arterioles
3) regulating respiratory rate

124
Q

what part of the brain regulates coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing, gagging, and vomitting?

A

the medulla oblongota

125
Q

what is the second largest part of the brain?

A

cerebellum

126
Q

what are the partitions of the cerebellum?

A

1) cerebellar cortex(grey matter/outter layer)
2) arbor vitae (white matter/inner region

127
Q

what is folia?

A

the folds of the cerebellar cortex

128
Q

what are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

1) coordinates movements
2) stores memories of previously learned movement patterns
3) adjusts muscle activity to maintain equilibrium and posture
4) uses information from muscles and joints to regulate body position

129
Q

what does arbor vitae translate to?

A

tree of life

130
Q

what system forms a ring around the diencephalon?

A

limbic system

131
Q

limbic system functions:

A

1) limbic structures process and experience emotions
2) affects memory formation by integrating past memories of physical sensation with emotional states

132
Q

cingulate gyrus=

A

part of the limbic system that brings emotions into consciousness

133
Q

parahippocampal gyrus=

A

tissue in limbic system associated with the hippocampus that is assosiated with memory

134
Q

hippocampus=

A

nucleus shaped like a horseshoe in the limbic system that consolidates long term memories

135
Q

amygdaloid body=

A

part of the limbic system involved in emotion(especially fear)

helps sort memories based on emotional perception

136
Q

olfactory bulbs, tract, and cortex=

A

part of the limbic system that can provoke emotions or memories when odors are sensed

137
Q

fornix=

A

thin tract of white matter connecting hippocampus with other limbic structures

138
Q

cranial nerves in order:

A

CN1 = olfactory bulb

CN2 = optic nerve

CN3 = oculomotor nerve

CN4 = trochlear nerve

CN5 = trigeminal nerve

CN6 = abducens nerve

CN7 = facial nerve

CN8 = vestibulocochlear nerve

CN9 = glossopharyngeal nerve

CN10 = vagus nerve

CN11 = accessory nerve

CN12 = hypoglossal nerve

139
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology (18 decks)

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