chapter 15 urinary system Flashcards
what are the main lobes of the liver?
the right lobe and the left lobe
what is the largest lobe of the liver?
the right lobe
what are the subdivisions of the right lobe?
1) the caudate lobe
2) the quadrate lobe
what is the porta hepatis?
the area where vessels, bile ducts, and nerves enter the liver
where can you see the subdivisions of the right lobe of the liver?
the posterior side only
what is the connective tissue that holds the lobes of the liver together called? what is at the inferior end of it?
the falciform ligament
the round ligament is attached at the bottom
what does connective tissue partition the liver into?
thousands of hepatic lobules
what do hepatic lobules contain?
hepatocytes and sinusoids
where are the portal triads found in the liver?
the periphery of the lobules
what are portal triads?
branches of hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct
what is the vessel in the center of a hepatic lobule called?
the central vein
is the pancreas endocrine or exocrine?
both
what performs the endocrine function of the pancreas?
pancreatic islets
where does gucagon and insulin come from?
alpha cells are glucagon and beta cells are insulin. they both originate from the pancreatic islets
what performs the exocrine function of the pancreas?
acinar cells. they produce pancreatic juice containing enzymes and excrete it into the small intestine
what is the exocrine duct of the pancreas called?
pancreatic duct
what are the major organs of the urinary system?
1) kidneys
2) ureters
3) urinary bladder
4) urethra
what are the functions of the urinary system?
1) store and excrete urine
2) regulate blood volume
3) regulate erythrocyte production
4) regulate ion levels
5) regulate acid-base balance
what is the hilum of the kidneys?
the concave medial border where blood vessels, nerves, and ureters connect to the kidney
what are the kidneys innervated by?
renal nerve plexus
what are the tissue layers surrounding each kindey (inner to outter)?
1) fibrous capsule
2) perinephric fat
3) renal fascia
4) paranephric fat
what are the regions of the kidneys?
1) renal cortex
2) renal medulla
what are renal columns?
extensions of the renal cortex that project into the medulla and subdivide it into renal pyramids
how many renal pyramids does a typical kidney contain?
8-15
what is the corticomedullary junction?
where the wide base of the renal pyramid makes contact with the cortex
what is a renal papilla?
the apex (tip) of a renal pyramid
what is a minor calyx?
the hollow funnel-shaped structure that each renal papilla projects into
what are renal columns?
the space between each renal pryamid
what is a major calyx?
where multiple minor calyces come together
what do major calyces fuse into?
they fuse into the renal pelvis
which part of the kidney collects urine and transports it to the ureter?
the renal pelvis
what is a renal lobe?
a renal lobe consists of 1 renal pyramid and the cortico tissue immediately surrounding it
how many renal lobes does a kidney contain?
8-15 lobes
what is a nephron?
the functional filtration unit of a kidney
what does each nephron consist of ?
a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule
what does a renal tubule consist of?
1) a proximan convoluted tubule
2) a nephron loop
3) and a distal convoluted tubule
what are the 2 types of nephron?
1) cortical nephrons
2) juxtamedullary nephrons
cortical nephrons account for what % of all nephrons?
about 85%
juxtamedullary nephrons account for what % of all nephrons?
about 15%
what is the difference between the two types of nephrons?
cortical nephrons are located mostly in the cortex and nephron loop only reaches the outter medulla
juxtamedullary nephrons have a nephron loop that reaches deep into the medulla
nephrons form urine through which 3 processes?
1) glomerular filtration
2) tubular reabsorption
3) tubular secretion
what is glomerular filtration?
the movement of substances from the blood within the glomerulus into the capsular space
what is tubular reabsorption?
the movement of substances from the tubular fluid back into the blood
what is tubular secretion?
the movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid
what is a renal corpuscle?
the bulbous part of a nephron
what is a renal corpuscle composed of?
a glomerulus and a glomerular capsule
what is a glomerulus?
a thick tangle of capillaries
what is a glomerular capsule?
the epithelial capsule surrounding the glomerulus
what are the 3 layers (inner to outter) of the filtration membrane of a renal corpuscle?
1) endothelium of glomerulus - fenestrated
2) basement membrane of glomerulus - porous
3) visceral layer of glomerular capsule - made of podocytes (w/ pedicels)
what are the pedicels of podocytes separated by?
thin, membrane-covered filtration slits
proximal convoluted tubule characteristics -
cells have tall microvilli that reabsorb almost all nutrients leaked through filtration membranes and return it to circulation
the nephron loop is AKA
the loop of henle
where do nephron loops project?
into the medulla
what are the 2 limbs of a nephron loop?
what are their directions?
descending limb - extends from the renal cortex into the renal medulla
ascending limb - returns from the medulla into the cortex
which part of a nephron facilitates reabsorption of water and solutes?
nephron loops
where does the proximal convoluted tubule begin?
the tubular pole of the renal corpuscle
which hormones do the distal convoluted tubule respond to and what is the result?
ADH(vasopressin)- causes increased water reabsorption
aldosterone - causes increased sodium reabsorption
what type of microvilli are located in the distal convoluted tubule?
microvilli that are short and sparse
where do distal convoluted tubules lead?
to collecting tubules
what do collecting tubules empty into?
collecting ducts
where are collecting ducts located?
collecting ducts course through the medulla into the renal papilla
collecting ducts modify tubular fluid under the influence of what?
aldosterone and ADH
where is vasopressin stored?
posterior pituitary gland
higher levels of aldosterone and ADH lead to what?
retention of salt and water
when does tubular fluid become water?
when the fluid leaves the collecting ducts
what is the route of tubular fluid/urine starting at the collecting duct?
collecting duct–papillary duct–minor calyx–major calyx–renal pelvis
what happens to urinary system with age?
1) blood flow to kidneys decreases
2) # of functional nephrons decreases
3) decreased responsiveness to aldosterone and ADH
4) less blood volume and pressure control
5) bladder decreases in size and loses muscle tone
6) control of urethral sphincters may be lost
incontinence means what?
what are UTIs caused by?
bacterial usually from GI tract that enters urethra and can travel to kidneys.(more common in women)
symptoms of UTI -
1) cloudy urine/ unusual smell
2) burning when urinating
3) pelvis(female), rectal (male) pain
what are kidney stones?
hard deposits of mineral and acid salts that form in the kidneys
kidney stone symptoms -
- may be asymptomatic-
- blood in urine
- pain
- nausea/vomiting
- fever/chills
how are kidney stones diagnosed?
CT scan
