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Anatomy & Physiology > chapter 15 urinary system > Flashcards

chapter 15 urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main lobes of the liver?

A

the right lobe and the left lobe

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2
Q

what is the largest lobe of the liver?

A

the right lobe

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3
Q

what are the subdivisions of the right lobe?

A

1) the caudate lobe
2) the quadrate lobe

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4
Q

what is the porta hepatis?

A

the area where vessels, bile ducts, and nerves enter the liver

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5
Q

where can you see the subdivisions of the right lobe of the liver?

A

the posterior side only

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6
Q

what is the connective tissue that holds the lobes of the liver together called? what is at the inferior end of it?

A

the falciform ligament

the round ligament is attached at the bottom

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7
Q

what does connective tissue partition the liver into?

A

thousands of hepatic lobules

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8
Q

what do hepatic lobules contain?

A

hepatocytes and sinusoids

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9
Q

where are the portal triads found in the liver?

A

the periphery of the lobules

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10
Q

what are portal triads?

A

branches of hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct

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11
Q

what is the vessel in the center of a hepatic lobule called?

A

the central vein

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12
Q

is the pancreas endocrine or exocrine?

A

both

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13
Q

what performs the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

pancreatic islets

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14
Q

where does gucagon and insulin come from?

A

alpha cells are glucagon and beta cells are insulin. they both originate from the pancreatic islets

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15
Q

what performs the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

acinar cells. they produce pancreatic juice containing enzymes and excrete it into the small intestine

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16
Q

what is the exocrine duct of the pancreas called?

A

pancreatic duct

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17
Q

what are the major organs of the urinary system?

A

1) kidneys
2) ureters
3) urinary bladder
4) urethra

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18
Q

what are the functions of the urinary system?

A

1) store and excrete urine
2) regulate blood volume
3) regulate erythrocyte production
4) regulate ion levels
5) regulate acid-base balance

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19
Q

what is the hilum of the kidneys?

A

the concave medial border where blood vessels, nerves, and ureters connect to the kidney

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20
Q

what are the kidneys innervated by?

A

renal nerve plexus

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21
Q

what are the tissue layers surrounding each kindey (inner to outter)?

A

1) fibrous capsule
2) perinephric fat
3) renal fascia
4) paranephric fat

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22
Q

what are the regions of the kidneys?

A

1) renal cortex
2) renal medulla

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23
Q

what are renal columns?

A

extensions of the renal cortex that project into the medulla and subdivide it into renal pyramids

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24
Q

how many renal pyramids does a typical kidney contain?

A

8-15

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25
Q

what is the corticomedullary junction?

A

where the wide base of the renal pyramid makes contact with the cortex

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26
Q

what is a renal papilla?

A

the apex (tip) of a renal pyramid

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27
Q

what is a minor calyx?

A

the hollow funnel-shaped structure that each renal papilla projects into

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28
Q

what are renal columns?

A

the space between each renal pryamid

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29
Q

what is a major calyx?

A

where multiple minor calyces come together

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30
Q

what do major calyces fuse into?

A

they fuse into the renal pelvis

31
Q

which part of the kidney collects urine and transports it to the ureter?

A

the renal pelvis

32
Q

what is a renal lobe?

A

a renal lobe consists of 1 renal pyramid and the cortico tissue immediately surrounding it

33
Q

how many renal lobes does a kidney contain?

A

8-15 lobes

34
Q

what is a nephron?

A

the functional filtration unit of a kidney

35
Q

what does each nephron consist of ?

A

a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule

36
Q

what does a renal tubule consist of?

A

1) a proximan convoluted tubule
2) a nephron loop
3) and a distal convoluted tubule

37
Q

what are the 2 types of nephron?

A

1) cortical nephrons
2) juxtamedullary nephrons

38
Q

cortical nephrons account for what % of all nephrons?

A

about 85%

39
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons account for what % of all nephrons?

A

about 15%

40
Q

what is the difference between the two types of nephrons?

A

cortical nephrons are located mostly in the cortex and nephron loop only reaches the outter medulla

juxtamedullary nephrons have a nephron loop that reaches deep into the medulla

41
Q

nephrons form urine through which 3 processes?

A

1) glomerular filtration
2) tubular reabsorption
3) tubular secretion

42
Q

what is glomerular filtration?

A

the movement of substances from the blood within the glomerulus into the capsular space

43
Q

what is tubular reabsorption?

A

the movement of substances from the tubular fluid back into the blood

44
Q

what is tubular secretion?

A

the movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid

45
Q

what is a renal corpuscle?

A

the bulbous part of a nephron

46
Q

what is a renal corpuscle composed of?

A

a glomerulus and a glomerular capsule

47
Q

what is a glomerulus?

A

a thick tangle of capillaries

48
Q

what is a glomerular capsule?

A

the epithelial capsule surrounding the glomerulus

49
Q

what are the 3 layers (inner to outter) of the filtration membrane of a renal corpuscle?

A

1) endothelium of glomerulus - fenestrated
2) basement membrane of glomerulus - porous
3) visceral layer of glomerular capsule - made of podocytes (w/ pedicels)

50
Q

what are the pedicels of podocytes separated by?

A

thin, membrane-covered filtration slits

51
Q

proximal convoluted tubule characteristics -

A

cells have tall microvilli that reabsorb almost all nutrients leaked through filtration membranes and return it to circulation

52
Q

the nephron loop is AKA

A

the loop of henle

53
Q

where do nephron loops project?

A

into the medulla

54
Q

what are the 2 limbs of a nephron loop?

what are their directions?

A

descending limb - extends from the renal cortex into the renal medulla

ascending limb - returns from the medulla into the cortex

55
Q

which part of a nephron facilitates reabsorption of water and solutes?

A

nephron loops

56
Q

where does the proximal convoluted tubule begin?

A

the tubular pole of the renal corpuscle

57
Q

which hormones do the distal convoluted tubule respond to and what is the result?

A

ADH(vasopressin)- causes increased water reabsorption

aldosterone - causes increased sodium reabsorption

58
Q

what type of microvilli are located in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

microvilli that are short and sparse

59
Q

where do distal convoluted tubules lead?

A

to collecting tubules

60
Q

what do collecting tubules empty into?

A

collecting ducts

61
Q

where are collecting ducts located?

A

collecting ducts course through the medulla into the renal papilla

62
Q

collecting ducts modify tubular fluid under the influence of what?

A

aldosterone and ADH

63
Q

where is vasopressin stored?

A

posterior pituitary gland

64
Q

higher levels of aldosterone and ADH lead to what?

A

retention of salt and water

65
Q

when does tubular fluid become water?

A

when the fluid leaves the collecting ducts

66
Q

what is the route of tubular fluid/urine starting at the collecting duct?

A

collecting duct–papillary duct–minor calyx–major calyx–renal pelvis

67
Q

what happens to urinary system with age?

A

1) blood flow to kidneys decreases
2) # of functional nephrons decreases
3) decreased responsiveness to aldosterone and ADH
4) less blood volume and pressure control
5) bladder decreases in size and loses muscle tone
6) control of urethral sphincters may be lost

68
Q

incontinence means what?

A
69
Q

what are UTIs caused by?

A

bacterial usually from GI tract that enters urethra and can travel to kidneys.(more common in women)

70
Q

symptoms of UTI -

A

1) cloudy urine/ unusual smell
2) burning when urinating
3) pelvis(female), rectal (male) pain

71
Q

what are kidney stones?

A

hard deposits of mineral and acid salts that form in the kidneys

72
Q

kidney stone symptoms -

A
  • may be asymptomatic-
  • blood in urine
  • pain
  • nausea/vomiting
  • fever/chills
73
Q

how are kidney stones diagnosed?

A

CT scan

74
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology (18 decks)

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