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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1 (organ systems) > Flashcards

Chapter 1 (organ systems) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Integumentary system?

A

External covering of the body(skin, nails, and hair)

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2
Q

What is the integumentary systems job?

A

waterproof the body

cushion and protect the deeper tissues

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3
Q

with help from sunlight, what vitamin does the integumentary system produce?

A

vitamin D

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4
Q

what does the integumentary system excrete and what does it help to regulate?

A

excretes: salts

helps regulate: body temp

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5
Q

what does the skeletal system consist of?

A

bones
cartilage
joints
ligaments

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6
Q

what are the muscles functions?

A 
to contract(shorten)
produces and prevents movement of bones
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7
Q

what is the nervous system?

A

the body’s fast acting control system

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8
Q

what types of stimuli from outside the body does the nervous system react to?

A

light
sound
temperature changes

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9
Q

what types of stimuli from inside the body does the nervous system react to?

A

decreases in oxygen

stretching of tissue

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10
Q

what are the electrical signals that sensory receptors send called and where are they sent?

A

nerve impulses

central nervous system

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11
Q

what makes up the central nervous system?

A

The brain

The spinal cord

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12
Q

after the central nervous system assesses the information sent to it by the sensory receptors, how does it respond?

A

activates the appropriate effectors (muscles or glands)

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13
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

a slower acting control system that uses chemical signals instead of electrical ones

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14
Q

how does the endocrine system work?

A

glands in the endocrine system release hormones into the blood to reach target organs

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15
Q

what do lymphnodes and other lymphoid organs help do to the blood?

A

return leaked fluid
cleanse
house white blood cells

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16
Q

what does the respiratory system do?

A

keep body supplied with oxygen

remove carbon dioxide

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17
Q

what does the respiratory system consist of?

A 
nasal passages
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronci
lungs
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18
Q

how are gasses exchanged in the lungs?

A

tiny air sacs

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19
Q

what are the components of the digestive system?

A 
mouth
esophagus
stomach
small and large intestines
rectum
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20
Q

where in the digestive system is food broken down and nutrients delivered to the blood?

A

the small intestines

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21
Q

what digestive property does the liver have

A

it produces bile that breaks fat down

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22
Q

what digestive function does the pancreas have?

A

it sends enzymes to the small intestines

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23
Q

what waste product does the urinary system dispose of?

A

nitrogen

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24
Q

how does the body produce nitrogen?

A

it is the result of breaking down proteins and nucleic acids

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25
Q

what are the components of the urinary system?

A

kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra

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26
Q

what are 3 additional functions of the urinary system?

A

maintains salt/water ratio
maintains ph levels
helps regulate blood pressure

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27
Q

what is a PH level?

A

acid-base level

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28
Q

where are the cutaneous nerve receptors located?

A

skin

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29
Q

what are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

provides muscle attachment for movement
protects vital organs
produces blood cells(in the marrow)
stores minerals(in the hard substance)

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30
Q

body functions that are controlled b y the endocrine system include:

A

growth
reproduction
use of nutrients

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31
Q

endocrine glands include:

A 
pineal 
pituitary
thymus 
thyroid and parathyroid 
adrenal 
pancreas
testes 
and ovaries
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32
Q

what does blood transport?

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide
nutrients
hormones
white blood cells

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33
Q

what regulates the metabolism?

A

hormones

34
Q

what type of movement is needed to maintain life?

A

locomotion

movement of substances

35
Q

what are the functions necessary to maintain life?

A 
maintaining boundaries
movement
responsiveness
digestion
metabolism
excretion
reproduction
growth
36
Q

the function of responsiveness is the

A

ability to sense and react to changes

37
Q

metabolism is the…

A

chemical reactions within the body

38
Q

what does the metabolism do to maintain life?

A 
breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones,
builds larger molecules from smaller ones,
produces energy(ATP)
39
Q

what regulates the metabolism?

A

hormones (endocrine system)

40
Q

another word for excreta..

A

waste

41
Q

how is waste removed from our bodies?

A

excretion. urine, feces, and sweat

42
Q

what levels do reproduction occur on?

A

cellular and oranismal

43
Q

why does reproduction occur on a cellular level?

A

new cells are used for growth and repair

44
Q

what are the human survival needs?

A 
nutrients
oxygen
water
normal body temperature
atmospheric pressure
45
Q

what happens if body temperature becomes too low?

A

chemical reactions in the body slow and/or stop

46
Q

what happens if body temperature becomes too high?

A

chemical reactions in the body proceed too rapidly

47
Q

why is oxygen important?

A

it is required for chemical reactions

48
Q

what is the most abundant chemical in the human body?

A

water

49
Q

how much of the human body is made up of water?

A

60%-80%

50
Q

what are nutrients?

A

chemicals used for energy and cell building

51
Q

nutrients include:

A 
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
vitamins
minerals
52
Q

atmospheric pressure must be appropriate for what?

A

gas exchange(oxygen and carbon dioxide)

53
Q

special terminology is used to:

A

prevent misunderstanding

54
Q

exact terms are used for:

A

position
direction
regions
structures

55
Q

what is an atom?

A

smallest particle of an element

56
Q

what is a molecule?

A

particle with electrons of 2 or more atoms forming chemical bonds

57
Q

what is a cell

A

basic living unit with specialized structures within the cell that perform specific functions to keep the cell alive and functioning

58
Q

what jobs does the digestive system have?

A

break down food,
allow nutrients to be absorbed into blood,
eliminates indigestible material as feces

59
Q

what do sensory receptors in the nervous system detect?

A

changes

60
Q

(maintaining life)

maintaining boundaries is?

A

boundaries separate the inside from the outside

61
Q

maintaining life: digestion means to?

A

break down and absorb nutrients

62
Q

what systems make oxygen available to the body?

A

respiratory system, and

cardiovascular system

63
Q

what are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity?

A

cranial cavity and spinal cavity

64
Q

what are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity?

A

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

65
Q

what does the cranial cavity house?

A

brain

66
Q

what does the spinal cavity house?

A

spinal cord

67
Q

thoracic cavity houses what organs?

A

heart, lungs,esophagus, trachea, thymus

68
Q

what are other body cavities beside dorsal and ventral?

A

oral and digestive cavities, nasal cavity, orbital cavities, and middle ear cavities

69
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

maintenance of relativly stable internal conditions

70
Q

why is homeostasis important?

A

it is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life

71
Q

what are the main controlling systems associated with homeostasis?

A

nervous system and endocrine system

72
Q

what is homeostatic imbalance?

A

a disturbance in homeostasis that results in disease

73
Q

all homeostatic control mechanisms have at lease ____ components. how many and what are they?

A

at lease three. receptor, control center, and effector

74
Q

what do receptors do?

A

respond to changes in the environment(stimuli) and send information to control center along an afferent pathway

75
Q

what does a control center do?

A

determines set point,

analyses information, and determines appropriate response.

76
Q

what does an effector do?

A

provides a means for response to the stimuli

77
Q

how does an effector receive information?

A

an efferent pathway

78
Q

what type of feedback mechanism do most homeostatic control mechanisms use?

A

negative feedback

79
Q

how does negative feedback work

A

shuts off original stimulus or reduces its intensity and works like a thermostat

80
Q

what type of feedback is rare in the human body?

A

positive feedback

81
Q

in a positive feedback mechanism, what rate does the reaction occur?

A

a faster rate

82
Q

what are two examples of a positive feedback loop?

A

blood clotting and breast feeding

Anatomy & Physiology (18 decks)

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