Chapter 1 (organ systems) Flashcards
What is the Integumentary system?
External covering of the body(skin, nails, and hair)
What is the integumentary systems job?
waterproof the body
cushion and protect the deeper tissues
with help from sunlight, what vitamin does the integumentary system produce?
vitamin D
what does the integumentary system excrete and what does it help to regulate?
excretes: salts
helps regulate: body temp
what does the skeletal system consist of?
bones
cartilage
joints
ligaments
what are the muscles functions?
to contract(shorten) produces and prevents movement of bones
what is the nervous system?
the body’s fast acting control system
what types of stimuli from outside the body does the nervous system react to?
light
sound
temperature changes
what types of stimuli from inside the body does the nervous system react to?
decreases in oxygen
stretching of tissue
what are the electrical signals that sensory receptors send called and where are they sent?
nerve impulses
central nervous system
what makes up the central nervous system?
The brain
The spinal cord
after the central nervous system assesses the information sent to it by the sensory receptors, how does it respond?
activates the appropriate effectors (muscles or glands)
what is the endocrine system?
a slower acting control system that uses chemical signals instead of electrical ones
how does the endocrine system work?
glands in the endocrine system release hormones into the blood to reach target organs
what do lymphnodes and other lymphoid organs help do to the blood?
return leaked fluid
cleanse
house white blood cells
what does the respiratory system do?
keep body supplied with oxygen
remove carbon dioxide
what does the respiratory system consist of?
nasal passages pharynx larynx trachea bronci lungs
how are gasses exchanged in the lungs?
tiny air sacs
what are the components of the digestive system?
mouth esophagus stomach small and large intestines rectum
where in the digestive system is food broken down and nutrients delivered to the blood?
the small intestines
what digestive property does the liver have
it produces bile that breaks fat down
what digestive function does the pancreas have?
it sends enzymes to the small intestines
what waste product does the urinary system dispose of?
nitrogen
how does the body produce nitrogen?
it is the result of breaking down proteins and nucleic acids
what are the components of the urinary system?
kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra
what are 3 additional functions of the urinary system?
maintains salt/water ratio
maintains ph levels
helps regulate blood pressure
what is a PH level?
acid-base level
where are the cutaneous nerve receptors located?
skin
what are the functions of the skeletal system?
provides muscle attachment for movement
protects vital organs
produces blood cells(in the marrow)
stores minerals(in the hard substance)
body functions that are controlled b y the endocrine system include:
growth
reproduction
use of nutrients
endocrine glands include:
pineal pituitary thymus thyroid and parathyroid adrenal pancreas testes and ovaries
what does blood transport?
oxygen and carbon dioxide
nutrients
hormones
white blood cells
what regulates the metabolism?
hormones
what type of movement is needed to maintain life?
locomotion
movement of substances
what are the functions necessary to maintain life?
maintaining boundaries movement responsiveness digestion metabolism excretion reproduction growth
the function of responsiveness is the
ability to sense and react to changes
metabolism is the…
chemical reactions within the body
what does the metabolism do to maintain life?
breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones, builds larger molecules from smaller ones, produces energy(ATP)
what regulates the metabolism?
hormones (endocrine system)
another word for excreta..
waste
how is waste removed from our bodies?
excretion. urine, feces, and sweat
what levels do reproduction occur on?
cellular and oranismal
why does reproduction occur on a cellular level?
new cells are used for growth and repair
what are the human survival needs?
nutrients oxygen water normal body temperature atmospheric pressure
what happens if body temperature becomes too low?
chemical reactions in the body slow and/or stop
what happens if body temperature becomes too high?
chemical reactions in the body proceed too rapidly
why is oxygen important?
it is required for chemical reactions
what is the most abundant chemical in the human body?
water
how much of the human body is made up of water?
60%-80%
what are nutrients?
chemicals used for energy and cell building
nutrients include:
carbohydrates proteins lipids vitamins minerals
atmospheric pressure must be appropriate for what?
gas exchange(oxygen and carbon dioxide)
special terminology is used to:
prevent misunderstanding
exact terms are used for:
position
direction
regions
structures
what is an atom?
smallest particle of an element
what is a molecule?
particle with electrons of 2 or more atoms forming chemical bonds
what is a cell
basic living unit with specialized structures within the cell that perform specific functions to keep the cell alive and functioning
what jobs does the digestive system have?
break down food,
allow nutrients to be absorbed into blood,
eliminates indigestible material as feces
what do sensory receptors in the nervous system detect?
changes
(maintaining life)
maintaining boundaries is?
boundaries separate the inside from the outside
maintaining life: digestion means to?
break down and absorb nutrients
what systems make oxygen available to the body?
respiratory system, and
cardiovascular system
what are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity?
cranial cavity and spinal cavity
what are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity?
thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
what does the cranial cavity house?
brain
what does the spinal cavity house?
spinal cord
thoracic cavity houses what organs?
heart, lungs,esophagus, trachea, thymus
what are other body cavities beside dorsal and ventral?
oral and digestive cavities, nasal cavity, orbital cavities, and middle ear cavities
what is homeostasis?
maintenance of relativly stable internal conditions
why is homeostasis important?
it is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life
what are the main controlling systems associated with homeostasis?
nervous system and endocrine system
what is homeostatic imbalance?
a disturbance in homeostasis that results in disease
all homeostatic control mechanisms have at lease ____ components. how many and what are they?
at lease three. receptor, control center, and effector
what do receptors do?
respond to changes in the environment(stimuli) and send information to control center along an afferent pathway
what does a control center do?
determines set point,
analyses information, and determines appropriate response.
what does an effector do?
provides a means for response to the stimuli
how does an effector receive information?
an efferent pathway
what type of feedback mechanism do most homeostatic control mechanisms use?
negative feedback
how does negative feedback work
shuts off original stimulus or reduces its intensity and works like a thermostat
what type of feedback is rare in the human body?
positive feedback
in a positive feedback mechanism, what rate does the reaction occur?
a faster rate
what are two examples of a positive feedback loop?
blood clotting and breast feeding
