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Anatomy & Physiology > chapter 5 (skeletal system) part one > Flashcards

chapter 5 (skeletal system) part one Flashcards

1
Q

what are the parts of the skeletal system?

A

1) bones
2) joints
3) cartilage
4) ligaments

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2
Q

what are joints AKA?

A

atriculations

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3
Q

what are the 2 subdivisions of the skeleton?

A

1) axial skeleton
2) appendicular skeleton

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4
Q

what are the subdivisions of the axial skeleton?

A

1) skull
2) vertibral column
3) thoracic cage

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5
Q

what are the subdivisions of the appendicular skeleton?

A

1) shoulder bones
2) hip bones
3) upper extremities
4) lower extremities

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6
Q

what are the functions of bones?

A

1) support body
2) protect soft organs
3) attached skeletal muscles allow movement
4) store minerals and fats
5) blood cell formation

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7
Q

what part of bones is fat stored in?

A

internal marrow cavity

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8
Q

how many bones does an adult skeleton have?

A

206

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9
Q

what are the 2 basic osseous tissues?

A

1) compact bone
2) spongy bone

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10
Q

what are the 4 bone shape classifications?

A

1) long
2) flat
3) short
4) irregular

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11
Q

where are the long bones in the body?

A

all limb bones except wrist, ankle, and kneecap bones

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12
Q

what are sesamoid bones?

A

1) a type of short bone that forms within tendons
2) found in the knees, hands, and feet

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13
Q

what is the diaphysis?

A

the shaft section of long bones

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14
Q

what type of bone tissue is the diaphysis made of?

A

compact bone tissue

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15
Q

what is the periosteum?

A

a fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers bones (except joints)

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16
Q

what are sharpey’s fibers?

A

fibers that secure periosteum to bones

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17
Q

what is endosteum?

A

membrane that lines the inner surface of long bones

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18
Q

what is epiphysis?

A

the ends of longbones

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19
Q

what is aticular cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage

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20
Q

what is the function of articular cartilage?

A

decreases friction in joints

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21
Q

what is an epiphyseal line?

A

remnant of the epiphyseal plate

only seen in adults

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22
Q

what is a epiphyseal plate?

A

a growth plate found in growing bones between the diaphysis and epiphysis

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23
Q

what is the epiphyseal plate made of?

A

hyaline cartilage

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24
Q

what basic tissue is the endosteum made of?

A

connective tissue

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25
Q

what is the medullary cavity?

A

the cavity inside long bone shafts that contains bone marrow

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26
Q

what type of bone marrow does the medullary cavity house?

A

1) from birth to age 6 or 7 it contains red marrow for blood cell formation
2) in adults it is yellow(mostly fat)

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27
Q

what are the functions of bone markings?

A

1) sites of attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
2) passages for nerve and blood vessels
3) articulation sites for interaction with other bones

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28
Q

what are the 2 catagories of bone markings?

A

1) projections or processes
2) depressions or cavities

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29
Q

what is an osteon?

A

wheeel shaped systems within a bone with a central canal at the center

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30
Q

what are lamellae?

A

individual rings within the osteon

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31
Q

what is a perforating canal?

A

they connect central canals together and allow arteries, veins, and nerves to travel throughout bone and medullary cavity

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32
Q

what are osteons AKA?

A

haversian systems

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33
Q

what are lacunae?

A

cavities in matrix that house cells

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34
Q

what are central canals?

A

theyre the canals located at the center of osteons. they carry blood vessels and nerves.

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35
Q

what are the functions of collagen fibers of the bone?

A

1) give bone great tensile strength
2) make bone flexible

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36
Q

what is the function of calcium salt deposits in the bone?

A

makes bone hard and resist compression

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37
Q

what controls bone growth?

A

hormones:

1) growth hormones
2) sex hormones

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38
Q

what is a fracture?

A

broken bone

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39
Q

what are the 2 types of bone fracture?

A

1) closed (simple) fractures
2) open (compound) fractures

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40
Q

what is a closed (simple) fracture?

A

a broken bone that has not penetrated the skin

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41
Q

what is an open (compound ) fracture?

A

a broken bone that has penetrated the skin

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42
Q

how are bone fractures treated?

A

reduction and immobilization

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43
Q

what is closed reduction?

A

when bones are manually coaxed into position with physicians hands

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44
Q

what is open reduction?

A

when bones are secured with pins or wires during surgery

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45
Q

what is the average bone fracture healing time?

A

6-8 weeks

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46
Q

what are the 4 stages of bone repair?

A

1) hematoma
2) formation of fibrocartilage callus
3) fibrocartilage callus replaced with bony callus
4) bone remodelling occurs

47
Q

what are the 3 sections of axial skeleton?

A

1) skull
2) vertebral column
3) bony thorax

48
Q

what are the 2 subdivisions of skull bones?

A

1) cranial bones
2) facial bones

49
Q

what is the function of facial bones?

A

1) hold eyes
2) allow facial muscles to express feelings

50
Q

what are skull bones joined by?

A

sutures

51
Q

what is the only bone in the skull attached by moveable joints?

A

the mandible

52
Q

what are the names of the 8 cranial bones that protect the brain?

A
  • frontal bone
  • occipital bone
  • ethmoid bone
  • sphenoid bone
  • parietal bones (x2)
  • temporal bones (x2)
53
Q

what are the names of the 14 facial bones?

A
  • maxillae (x2)
  • palatine bones (x2)
  • lacrimal bones(x2)
  • zygomatic bones (x2)
  • nasal bones (2)
  • vomer bone
  • inferior nasal conchae (x2)
  • mandible
54
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses?

A

hollow portions of bones surrounding nasal cavity

55
Q

what are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

1) lighten skull
2) amplify sounds made as we speak

56
Q

what are the names of the paranasal sinuses?

A

1) frontal sinus
2) ethmoid sinus
3) sphenoidal sinus
4) maxillary sinus

57
Q

what is the hyoid bone?

A

horseshoe shaped bone in the neck

(only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone)

58
Q

what are the functions of the hyoid bone?

A

1) moving base for tongue
2) aids in swallowing and speech

59
Q

how many vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

what are the names of the different sections of vertebral column?

how many vertebrae in each section?

A
  • 26 vertebrae in total
  • sections of vertebral column:
    1) cervical - 7 vertebrae
    2) thoracic - 12 vertebrae
    3) lumbar - 5 vertebrae
    4) sacrum - 5 fused vertebrae
    5) coccyx - 3-5 fused vertebrae
60
Q

what is the atlas vertebra?

A

the top cervical vertebra

61
Q

what is the axis vertebra?

A

the vertebra located directly under the atlas vertebra

62
Q

what is the primary curvature?

A

1) spinal curvature of thoracic and sacral regions (C-shaped in newborns)
2) present from birth

63
Q

what is the secondary curvature?

A

1) spinal curvature of cervical and lumbar regions (S- shaped in adults)
2) developes after birth

64
Q

what about the atlas and axis is unique?

A

1) atlas- has no body
2) axis has dens on body

65
Q

how can you identify a vertebra from the cervical region?

A

1) the spinous process protrudes more horizontally
2) these vertebrae have transverse foramen

66
Q

how do you identify a vertebra from the thoracic region?

A

the spinous process protrudes more downward

67
Q

how do you identify a vertebra from the lumbar region?

A

the spinous process is shorter and thicker

68
Q

what 3 parts does the thoracic cage consist of?

A

1) sternum
2) ribs
3) thoracic vertebrae

69
Q

what are the 3 types of ribs in the ribcage and how many does each region contain?

A

1) true ribs (rib pairs 1-7)
2) false ribs (rib pairs 8-12)
3) floating ribs (pairs 11 and 12)

70
Q

what is the function of the thoracic cage?

A

protect organs in the thoracic cavity

71
Q

what is costal cartilage?

A

the hyaline cartilage between ribs and sternum

72
Q

how many bones are there in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

73
Q

what is the pectoral girdle aka?

A

shoulder girdle

74
Q

what are the bones in the pectoral girdle?

A

1) clavicle
2) scapula

75
Q

what are the pros and cons of the pectoral girdle?

A

pro: great flexibility
con: poorly reinforced

76
Q

name the carpal bones in the proximal row (lateral to medial):

A

1) scaphoid
2) lunate
3) triquetrum
4) pisiform

77
Q

name the carpal bones in the distal row (lateral to medial):

A

1) trapezium
2) trapezoid
3) capitate
4) hamate

78
Q

what bones does the adult pelvic girdle contain?

A

2 coxal bones

79
Q

what are coxal bones AKA?

A

os coxae

80
Q

the coxal bones are made of what 3 fused fetal bones?

A

1) ilium
2) ischium
3) pubis

81
Q

what organs are protected by the pelvis?

A

1) reproductive organs
2) urinary bladder
3) part of the large intestine

82
Q

what is the heaviest and strongest bone in the body?

A

femur

83
Q

what part of the coxal bone does the femur head articulate with?

A

the acetabulum

84
Q

what bone in the lower leg does the femur articulate with?

A

the tibia

85
Q

how many tarsal bones are there in each foot?

A

7

86
Q

how many metatarsals are there in each foot?

A

5

87
Q

how many phalanges are there in each foot?

A

14

88
Q

what are the largest tarsal bones?

A

1) calcaneous
2) talus

89
Q

what is the mnemonic for the tarsals?

A

3 cute cubs need tender care

90
Q

name the tarsal bones in order:

A

1) medial cufeiform
2) intermediate cuneiform
3) lateral cuneiform
4) cuboid
5) navicular
6) talus
7) calcaneus

91
Q

joints are articulations that occur when?

A

when 2 or more bones meet

92
Q

what are the functions of joints?

A

1) hold bones together
2) allow for mobility

93
Q

what are the two ways joints are classified?

A

1) functionally
2) structurally

94
Q

what are the structural joints?

A

1) fibrous joints
2) cartilaginous joints
3) synovial joints

95
Q

what are the functional joints?

A

1) synarthroses
2) amphiarthroses
3) diarthroses

96
Q

generally immovable structural joints:

A

fibrous joints

97
Q

generally immovable or slightly movable structural joints

A

cartilaginous joints

98
Q

freely movable structural joints

A

synovial joints

99
Q

immovable functional joints

A

synarthroses

100
Q

slightly movable structural joints

A

amphiarthroses

101
Q

freely movable functional joints

A

diarthroses

102
Q

what are the types of fibrous joints?

A

1) sutures
2) syndesmoses
3) gomphoses

103
Q

types of cartilaginous joints

A

1) synchondrosis
2) symphysis

104
Q

what is a tendon sheath?

A

elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

105
Q

name the 6 types of synovial joints:

A

1) plane joint
2) hinge joint
3) pivot joint
4) condylar joint
5) saddle joint
6) ball and socket joint

106
Q

where is the only saddle joint in the human body?

A

the thumb

107
Q

what are long bones in a fetus made of?

A

hyaline cartilage

108
Q

what are flat bones in fetal skulls?

A

they are fibrous membranes

109
Q

what are fetal skull soft spots called?

A

fotanels

110
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

bone thinning disease that makes bones fragile and easily fractured

111
Q

who is afflicted by osteoporosis?

A

50% of women over age 65

20% of men over age 70

112
Q

what can impact or prevent osteoporosis?

A

1) physical activity
2) nutrition
3) estrogen aids in female skeletal density and health

113
Q

what is kyphosis?

A

also known as dowagers hump is caused by vertebral collapse

Anatomy & Physiology (18 decks)

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