chapter 5 (skeletal system) part one Flashcards
what are the parts of the skeletal system?
1) bones
2) joints
3) cartilage
4) ligaments
what are joints AKA?
atriculations
what are the 2 subdivisions of the skeleton?
1) axial skeleton
2) appendicular skeleton
what are the subdivisions of the axial skeleton?
1) skull
2) vertibral column
3) thoracic cage
what are the subdivisions of the appendicular skeleton?
1) shoulder bones
2) hip bones
3) upper extremities
4) lower extremities
what are the functions of bones?
1) support body
2) protect soft organs
3) attached skeletal muscles allow movement
4) store minerals and fats
5) blood cell formation
what part of bones is fat stored in?
internal marrow cavity
how many bones does an adult skeleton have?
206
what are the 2 basic osseous tissues?
1) compact bone
2) spongy bone
what are the 4 bone shape classifications?
1) long
2) flat
3) short
4) irregular
where are the long bones in the body?
all limb bones except wrist, ankle, and kneecap bones
what are sesamoid bones?
1) a type of short bone that forms within tendons
2) found in the knees, hands, and feet
what is the diaphysis?
the shaft section of long bones
what type of bone tissue is the diaphysis made of?
compact bone tissue
what is the periosteum?
a fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers bones (except joints)
what are sharpey’s fibers?
fibers that secure periosteum to bones
what is endosteum?
membrane that lines the inner surface of long bones
what is epiphysis?
the ends of longbones
what is aticular cartilage?
hyaline cartilage
what is the function of articular cartilage?
decreases friction in joints
what is an epiphyseal line?
remnant of the epiphyseal plate
only seen in adults
what is a epiphyseal plate?
a growth plate found in growing bones between the diaphysis and epiphysis
what is the epiphyseal plate made of?
hyaline cartilage
what basic tissue is the endosteum made of?
connective tissue
what is the medullary cavity?
the cavity inside long bone shafts that contains bone marrow
what type of bone marrow does the medullary cavity house?
1) from birth to age 6 or 7 it contains red marrow for blood cell formation
2) in adults it is yellow(mostly fat)
what are the functions of bone markings?
1) sites of attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
2) passages for nerve and blood vessels
3) articulation sites for interaction with other bones
what are the 2 catagories of bone markings?
1) projections or processes
2) depressions or cavities
what is an osteon?
wheeel shaped systems within a bone with a central canal at the center
what are lamellae?
individual rings within the osteon
what is a perforating canal?
they connect central canals together and allow arteries, veins, and nerves to travel throughout bone and medullary cavity
what are osteons AKA?
haversian systems
what are lacunae?
cavities in matrix that house cells
what are central canals?
theyre the canals located at the center of osteons. they carry blood vessels and nerves.
what are the functions of collagen fibers of the bone?
1) give bone great tensile strength
2) make bone flexible
what is the function of calcium salt deposits in the bone?
makes bone hard and resist compression
what controls bone growth?
hormones:
1) growth hormones
2) sex hormones
what is a fracture?
broken bone
what are the 2 types of bone fracture?
1) closed (simple) fractures
2) open (compound) fractures
what is a closed (simple) fracture?
a broken bone that has not penetrated the skin
what is an open (compound ) fracture?
a broken bone that has penetrated the skin
how are bone fractures treated?
reduction and immobilization
what is closed reduction?
when bones are manually coaxed into position with physicians hands
what is open reduction?
when bones are secured with pins or wires during surgery
what is the average bone fracture healing time?
6-8 weeks
what are the 4 stages of bone repair?
1) hematoma
2) formation of fibrocartilage callus
3) fibrocartilage callus replaced with bony callus
4) bone remodelling occurs
what are the 3 sections of axial skeleton?
1) skull
2) vertebral column
3) bony thorax
what are the 2 subdivisions of skull bones?
1) cranial bones
2) facial bones
what is the function of facial bones?
1) hold eyes
2) allow facial muscles to express feelings
what are skull bones joined by?
sutures
what is the only bone in the skull attached by moveable joints?
the mandible
what are the names of the 8 cranial bones that protect the brain?
- frontal bone
- occipital bone
- ethmoid bone
- sphenoid bone
- parietal bones (x2)
- temporal bones (x2)
what are the names of the 14 facial bones?
- maxillae (x2)
- palatine bones (x2)
- lacrimal bones(x2)
- zygomatic bones (x2)
- nasal bones (2)
- vomer bone
- inferior nasal conchae (x2)
- mandible
what are the paranasal sinuses?
hollow portions of bones surrounding nasal cavity
what are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
1) lighten skull
2) amplify sounds made as we speak
what are the names of the paranasal sinuses?
1) frontal sinus
2) ethmoid sinus
3) sphenoidal sinus
4) maxillary sinus
what is the hyoid bone?
horseshoe shaped bone in the neck
(only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone)
what are the functions of the hyoid bone?
1) moving base for tongue
2) aids in swallowing and speech
how many vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
what are the names of the different sections of vertebral column?
how many vertebrae in each section?
- 26 vertebrae in total
- sections of vertebral column:
1) cervical - 7 vertebrae
2) thoracic - 12 vertebrae
3) lumbar - 5 vertebrae
4) sacrum - 5 fused vertebrae
5) coccyx - 3-5 fused vertebrae
what is the atlas vertebra?
the top cervical vertebra
what is the axis vertebra?
the vertebra located directly under the atlas vertebra
what is the primary curvature?
1) spinal curvature of thoracic and sacral regions (C-shaped in newborns)
2) present from birth
what is the secondary curvature?
1) spinal curvature of cervical and lumbar regions (S- shaped in adults)
2) developes after birth
what about the atlas and axis is unique?
1) atlas- has no body
2) axis has dens on body
how can you identify a vertebra from the cervical region?
1) the spinous process protrudes more horizontally
2) these vertebrae have transverse foramen
how do you identify a vertebra from the thoracic region?
the spinous process protrudes more downward
how do you identify a vertebra from the lumbar region?
the spinous process is shorter and thicker
what 3 parts does the thoracic cage consist of?
1) sternum
2) ribs
3) thoracic vertebrae
what are the 3 types of ribs in the ribcage and how many does each region contain?
1) true ribs (rib pairs 1-7)
2) false ribs (rib pairs 8-12)
3) floating ribs (pairs 11 and 12)
what is the function of the thoracic cage?
protect organs in the thoracic cavity
what is costal cartilage?
the hyaline cartilage between ribs and sternum
how many bones are there in the appendicular skeleton?
126
what is the pectoral girdle aka?
shoulder girdle
what are the bones in the pectoral girdle?
1) clavicle
2) scapula
what are the pros and cons of the pectoral girdle?
pro: great flexibility
con: poorly reinforced
name the carpal bones in the proximal row (lateral to medial):
1) scaphoid
2) lunate
3) triquetrum
4) pisiform
name the carpal bones in the distal row (lateral to medial):
1) trapezium
2) trapezoid
3) capitate
4) hamate
what bones does the adult pelvic girdle contain?
2 coxal bones
what are coxal bones AKA?
os coxae
the coxal bones are made of what 3 fused fetal bones?
1) ilium
2) ischium
3) pubis
what organs are protected by the pelvis?
1) reproductive organs
2) urinary bladder
3) part of the large intestine
what is the heaviest and strongest bone in the body?
femur
what part of the coxal bone does the femur head articulate with?
the acetabulum
what bone in the lower leg does the femur articulate with?
the tibia
how many tarsal bones are there in each foot?
7
how many metatarsals are there in each foot?
5
how many phalanges are there in each foot?
14
what are the largest tarsal bones?
1) calcaneous
2) talus
what is the mnemonic for the tarsals?
3 cute cubs need tender care
name the tarsal bones in order:
1) medial cufeiform
2) intermediate cuneiform
3) lateral cuneiform
4) cuboid
5) navicular
6) talus
7) calcaneus
joints are articulations that occur when?
when 2 or more bones meet
what are the functions of joints?
1) hold bones together
2) allow for mobility
what are the two ways joints are classified?
1) functionally
2) structurally
what are the structural joints?
1) fibrous joints
2) cartilaginous joints
3) synovial joints
what are the functional joints?
1) synarthroses
2) amphiarthroses
3) diarthroses
generally immovable structural joints:
fibrous joints
generally immovable or slightly movable structural joints
cartilaginous joints
freely movable structural joints
synovial joints
immovable functional joints
synarthroses
slightly movable structural joints
amphiarthroses
freely movable functional joints
diarthroses
what are the types of fibrous joints?
1) sutures
2) syndesmoses
3) gomphoses
types of cartilaginous joints
1) synchondrosis
2) symphysis
what is a tendon sheath?
elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
name the 6 types of synovial joints:
1) plane joint
2) hinge joint
3) pivot joint
4) condylar joint
5) saddle joint
6) ball and socket joint
where is the only saddle joint in the human body?
the thumb
what are long bones in a fetus made of?
hyaline cartilage
what are flat bones in fetal skulls?
they are fibrous membranes
what are fetal skull soft spots called?
fotanels
what is osteoporosis?
bone thinning disease that makes bones fragile and easily fractured
who is afflicted by osteoporosis?
50% of women over age 65
20% of men over age 70
what can impact or prevent osteoporosis?
1) physical activity
2) nutrition
3) estrogen aids in female skeletal density and health
what is kyphosis?
also known as dowagers hump is caused by vertebral collapse
