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Developmental Exam 1 > Chapter 9 (Cognitive Development) > Flashcards

Chapter 9 (Cognitive Development) Flashcards

1
Q

what is egocentric thinking

A

the difficulty that children havr in seeing things from others points of view (empathy)

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2
Q

what is transitive inference

A

seeing that premises can induce logical followings (A>B; B>C –> A>C)

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3
Q

What is class inclusion

A

being able to seperate and categorize things into classes

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4
Q

Why is piaget often labeled as a constructivist

A

he stated that we construct new knowledge based on what we already know and construct this onto that

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5
Q

what are schemes and how does piaget explain them

A

schemes are the most basic unit of understanding.

With them we can organise and learn the basics of actions and mental representation

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6
Q

what are the three basic schemes that are born in children

A
  1. sucking
  2. looking
  3. grasping
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7
Q

What are the two innate processes with which children modify their schemes

A
  1. Organisation (grouping observations into knowledge)

2. Adaption (Assimilation (into existing knowldge) and Accomondation (adjusting and making new))

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8
Q

give examples on how a child uses assimilation and accomondation

A

assim: learning a new breed of dogs
accom: cats are not dogs

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9
Q

Explain piagets describtion on equilibration progress

A
  • We are constantly motivated to achieve a state where adapt new things into schemes and achieve a state where there is no conflict between them(equilibrium)
  • this not always works, so at some point our brain needs a big reorganisation of schemes which results in a shift in stages
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10
Q

what are the 6 substages of the sensorimotor stage

A
  1. reflexive schemes substage (1 month)
  2. Primary circular reactions (4 months)
  3. Secondary circular reactions (10 months)
  4. Coordination if secondary schemes (12 months)
  5. Teriary circular reactions (18 months)
  6. Beginning of thought (24 months)
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11
Q

explain the first substage of the sensori motor stage

A
  1. reflexive schemes substage (1 month): Use reflexes to survive and explore
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12
Q

explain the secondsubstage of the sensori motor stage

A
  1. Primary circular reactions (4 months): starting to coordinate motor behaviour
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13
Q

explain the third substage of the sensori motor stage

A
  1. Secondary circular reactions (10 months): starting awareness of external world (reaching and grasping)
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14
Q

explain the fourth substage of the sensori motor stage

A
  1. Coordination if secondary schemes (12 months): start goal directed behaviour by combination of behaviour + object permanence
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15
Q

explain the fifth substage of the sensori motor stage

A
  1. Teriary circular reactions (18 months): start walking and understanding of causal relations between events
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16
Q

explain the sixth substage of the sensori motor stage

A
  1. Beginning of thought (24 months): forming mental representation, imitation and pretend play
17
Q

What are the two stages of preoperational stage

A
  1. Symbolic function substage (2-4 years)

2. intuitive thought substage (4-7 years)

18
Q

Explain the firs stage of the preoperational stage

A
  1. Symbolic function substage (2-4 years):
    - ability to mentally represent an object even if it is not present
    - understanding and usage of symbols
    - egocentrism
    - animism
19
Q

What is the second stage of preoperational stage

A
  1. Intuitive thought substage (4-7 years):
    - Begin to classify, order and quantify more systematically
    - transitive inference (inference of premisises)
    - Conservation tasks
    - appearance reality distinction (looks can be different from reality)
20
Q

Whats a seriation task

A

when you ask a person to order soemthing, for example sticks by lenght

21
Q

what are the 3 things that children have to be able to to conserve

A
  1. centration (focus on one attribute)
  2. Reversability (imagine steps in both directions of time)
  3. Focusing on the end state
22
Q

what is horizontal and vertical decalage

A

horizontal: child succeeds in only a specific thing of task (conservation task with numbers but not with liquid)
vertical: succeding at a task that is actually in another stage

23
Q

Explain the concrete operations stage

A

It is the third and last big stage in child development (7-11 years)

  • thought it more logical and flexible
  • it is still a lot easier for them to reason in concrete situations and if the objects are actually present
24
Q

what are the 3 problems in piaget theory

A
  1. Age often missjudged
  2. culture and schooling can make difference
  3. there can be vertical decalage (abilities outside stage)
25
Q

What are the 4 stages of Cases neo-piagetian theory

A
  1. Sensory motor stage
  2. Interrelational stage
  3. Dimensional stage
  4. Vectorial stage
    Difference to piaget is that Case looked more at information processing
26
Q

Explain sieglers overlapping wave theory

A

Here the stages are more overlapping

It also states that a child may think about a task in many different strategies instead of one –> overlapping

27
Q

Explain vygotskys sociocultural perspective

A
  • A child is an active seeker of knowledge
  • language is most imporant tool in cognitive development (first children talk to themselves to solve tasks, this later becomes internal as thoughts)
28
Q

What is vygoskys zone of proximal development

A

there is the lower level (tasks which the child can do) and the upper level (what the child cannot do yet)
the zone of proximal development is everything in between (with aided help or training)

29
Q

What are the 5 categories of core knowledge in the core knowledge theory

A
  1. Objects and motions
  2. Creatures and actions
  3. Numbers and arithemic
  4. Places and navigation
  5. Geometric forms
    This theory basically says that more knowledge is internal (nature), and that these categories have different modules

Developmental Exam 1 (18 decks)

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