Chapter 9 (Cognitive Development) Flashcards
what is egocentric thinking
the difficulty that children havr in seeing things from others points of view (empathy)
what is transitive inference
seeing that premises can induce logical followings (A>B; B>C –> A>C)
What is class inclusion
being able to seperate and categorize things into classes
Why is piaget often labeled as a constructivist
he stated that we construct new knowledge based on what we already know and construct this onto that
what are schemes and how does piaget explain them
schemes are the most basic unit of understanding.
With them we can organise and learn the basics of actions and mental representation
what are the three basic schemes that are born in children
- sucking
- looking
- grasping
What are the two innate processes with which children modify their schemes
- Organisation (grouping observations into knowledge)
2. Adaption (Assimilation (into existing knowldge) and Accomondation (adjusting and making new))
give examples on how a child uses assimilation and accomondation
assim: learning a new breed of dogs
accom: cats are not dogs
Explain piagets describtion on equilibration progress
- We are constantly motivated to achieve a state where adapt new things into schemes and achieve a state where there is no conflict between them(equilibrium)
- this not always works, so at some point our brain needs a big reorganisation of schemes which results in a shift in stages
what are the 6 substages of the sensorimotor stage
- reflexive schemes substage (1 month)
- Primary circular reactions (4 months)
- Secondary circular reactions (10 months)
- Coordination if secondary schemes (12 months)
- Teriary circular reactions (18 months)
- Beginning of thought (24 months)
explain the first substage of the sensori motor stage
- reflexive schemes substage (1 month): Use reflexes to survive and explore
explain the secondsubstage of the sensori motor stage
- Primary circular reactions (4 months): starting to coordinate motor behaviour
explain the third substage of the sensori motor stage
- Secondary circular reactions (10 months): starting awareness of external world (reaching and grasping)
explain the fourth substage of the sensori motor stage
- Coordination if secondary schemes (12 months): start goal directed behaviour by combination of behaviour + object permanence
explain the fifth substage of the sensori motor stage
- Teriary circular reactions (18 months): start walking and understanding of causal relations between events
explain the sixth substage of the sensori motor stage
- Beginning of thought (24 months): forming mental representation, imitation and pretend play
What are the two stages of preoperational stage
- Symbolic function substage (2-4 years)
2. intuitive thought substage (4-7 years)
Explain the firs stage of the preoperational stage
- Symbolic function substage (2-4 years):
- ability to mentally represent an object even if it is not present
- understanding and usage of symbols
- egocentrism
- animism
What is the second stage of preoperational stage
- Intuitive thought substage (4-7 years):
- Begin to classify, order and quantify more systematically
- transitive inference (inference of premisises)
- Conservation tasks
- appearance reality distinction (looks can be different from reality)
Whats a seriation task
when you ask a person to order soemthing, for example sticks by lenght
what are the 3 things that children have to be able to to conserve
- centration (focus on one attribute)
- Reversability (imagine steps in both directions of time)
- Focusing on the end state
what is horizontal and vertical decalage
horizontal: child succeeds in only a specific thing of task (conservation task with numbers but not with liquid)
vertical: succeding at a task that is actually in another stage
Explain the concrete operations stage
It is the third and last big stage in child development (7-11 years)
- thought it more logical and flexible
- it is still a lot easier for them to reason in concrete situations and if the objects are actually present
what are the 3 problems in piaget theory
- Age often missjudged
- culture and schooling can make difference
- there can be vertical decalage (abilities outside stage)
What are the 4 stages of Cases neo-piagetian theory
- Sensory motor stage
- Interrelational stage
- Dimensional stage
- Vectorial stage
Difference to piaget is that Case looked more at information processing
Explain sieglers overlapping wave theory
Here the stages are more overlapping
It also states that a child may think about a task in many different strategies instead of one –> overlapping
Explain vygotskys sociocultural perspective
- A child is an active seeker of knowledge
- language is most imporant tool in cognitive development (first children talk to themselves to solve tasks, this later becomes internal as thoughts)
What is vygoskys zone of proximal development
there is the lower level (tasks which the child can do) and the upper level (what the child cannot do yet)
the zone of proximal development is everything in between (with aided help or training)
What are the 5 categories of core knowledge in the core knowledge theory
- Objects and motions
- Creatures and actions
- Numbers and arithemic
- Places and navigation
- Geometric forms
This theory basically says that more knowledge is internal (nature), and that these categories have different modules
